Examl 3:l NUl 606/l NU606l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Review|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Regis
QUESTION
?l Howl isl pHl regulatedl byl thel body?
Answer:
chemicall bufferl system,l lungs=l eliminatel Co2,l kidneysl eliminatel h+,l reabsorb/l generatel
HCO-l
ifl tool highl orl low,l proteinsl willl bel denatured
QUESTION
Definel respiratoryl acidosis.l Definel respiratoryl alkalosis.l Whatl canl causel eachl ofl those?
Answer:
respiratoryl acidosis;l increasedl ateriall PCO2,l increasedl ph,l respiratoryl failure-l drugl
overdose,l lungl disease,l chestl injury,l airwayl obstruction
respiratoryl alkalosis:l decreasedl ateriall PCO2,l increasedl phl andl decreasedl bicarbl levels,l
hypervent,l preg,l septicl shock,l systemicl inflammaotryl responsel syndrome
QUESTION
t/fl seruml levelsl ofl pHl andl CO2l levelsl arel directlyl proportional
Answer:
false
asl bloodl levelsl ofl CO2l increase,l PHl becomesl morel acidicl (decreases)
QUESTION
Definel Metabolicl acidosis.l Definel Metabolicl alkalosis.l Whatl canl causel eachl ofl those?
Answer:
,acidosis:l increasedl levelsl ofl ketoacidos,l lacticl acid,l decreasedl bicarbl orl chronicl kidneyl
disease
alkalosis:l decreasedl H+l levels,,l incresedl bicarbonatel levles,l mostl commonl acid-basel
disorder,l lossl osl stomachl acid-basel disroder,l lossl ofl stomachl acidsl through,l vomiting,l
hyperaldosteronsiml &l Cushingl disease
QUESTION
KNOWl EDEMA!!!
Answer:
accumulationl ofl fluidl inl extracellularl space
-physiologicl mechanisml thatl contributel tol edema:
increasel thel capillaryl pressurel ->l leakl intol tissues
decreasel thel capillaryl colliodiall osmoticl pressurel (pressurel generatedl byl thel plasmal
proteinsl thatl arel tool largel tol passl throughl thel poresl ofl thel capillaryl wall)l
increasel capillaryl permeability
producel obstructionl lymphl flow
QUESTION
typesl ofl edema
Answer:
pittingl edema:l swollenl partl ofl yourl bodyl hasl al dinplel orl pitl afterl pressurel ,l occursl
afterl thel accumulationl ofl interstitiall fluidl exceedingl thel absoprtivel capacityl ofl thel
tissue.l tissuel waterl becomesl immoble.l causes:l DVT,l CHF,l kidneyl failure,l liverl disease,l
tool muchl salt
nonpitting:l proteinsl havel accumulatedl inl thel tisssuel spacel andl coagulatedl mostl commonl
inl areasl ofl localziedl infectionl orl trauma
localized:l occursl withl hivesl orl otherl allergicl orl inflammatoryl conditonsl froml thel releasel
orl otherl inflammaotryl mediatiorsl thatl causel thel dilationl orl precapillaryl sphinctersl andl
arteriolesl thatl supplyl swollenl lesions
generall edema:l resultl ofl increasedl vascularl volumel e.g.l swelllingl ofl handsl andl feetsl
thatl occurl inl healthyl peoplel withl hotl weatherl (vasodilationl ofl superficiall bloodl vessslesl
alongl withl sodiuml andl waterl retention),l CHFl andl venousl congestion
QUESTION
Pittingl edemal gradingl scale
,Answer:
•l 1+l Mildl pitting,l slightl indentation,l nol perceptiblel swellingl ofl thel leg
•l 2+l Moderatel pitting,l indentation,l subsidesl rapidlyl (15l sec)
•l 3+l Deepl pitting,l indentationl remainsl forl al shortl time,l legl looksl swollenl (30l sec)
•l 4+l Veryl deepl pitting,l indentationl lastsl al longl time,l legl isl veryl swollen
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl canl causel metabolicl alkalosis?
a.l Lossl ofl stomachl acidl throughl vomiting
b.l Hyperaldosteronisml &l Cushingl Disease
c.l Bothl al andl b
d.l Nonel ofl thel above
Answer:
c
QUESTION
Respiratoryl alkalosisl canl bel causedl byl al respiratoryl ratel inl excessl ofl thatl whichl
maintainsl normall plasmal PCO2l levels.l Whatl isl al commonl causel ofl respiratoryl
alkalosis?
a.l Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Clusterl breathing
Kussmaull breathing
Answer:
a
QUESTION
Whatl happensl thel kidneyl fails?
Answer:
-lessl wastel isl removed,l morel wastel remainsl inl blood
-unablel tol regulatel fluid,l electroylesl andl pHl balance
-nutrogenousl compoundsl buildl upl inl thel blood
-renall function=l initiall creatinine/l currentl creatininel level
QUESTION
, ?l Knowl thel 3l majorl typesl ofl acutel kidneyl injuryl (alsol knownl asl acutel renall failure).l Il
spentl al lotl ofl timel onl 3l types.l Therel willl bel QUESTIONS!!!l STUDYl THEM!
Answer:
morel commonl thanl chronicl
-prerenal:l markedl decreasel inl renall bloodl flow,l causedl byl hemorrhage,l dehydration,l
vasoconstriction,l heartl failurel orl shock.l
-intrinsic:l damagel tol structuresl withinl thel kidneyl tubule.l causedl byl ischemia,l toxins,l
intratubularl obstruction.l exl acutel tubularl necrosisl causedl byl sepsisl orl necroticl effectl ofl
drugs,l leadsl tol decreasedl glomerularl filtrationl ratel
-postrenal:l obstructionl ofl urinel outflowl froml thel kidneyl outl thel urethral e.g.l stones,l
BPHl (mostl common)
QUESTION
whichl typel ofl AKIl wouldl bel mostl likelyl tol accompanyl BPH?
A.l Prerenal
b.l postrenal
c.intrarenal
d.extrinsic
Answer:
b
QUESTION
?l Definel Chronicl Kidneyl Disease.l Whatl canl causel Chronicl Kidneyl Disease?
Answer:
-fewerl functioningl nephrons
-decreasedl GFR
-remainingl nephronsl mustl filterl more:l hypertrophyl
causes:l diabetes,l glomerulerl nephritis,l lupus,l polycysticl kidneyl disease
QUESTION
whichl ofl thel followingl renall disordersl isl characterizedl byl increasingl BUNl andl
creatininel levels?
a.acutel kidneyl disease
b.chronicl kidneyl disease
c.uremia
d.l alll ofl thel above
e.l Bl andl C
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Review|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Regis
QUESTION
?l Howl isl pHl regulatedl byl thel body?
Answer:
chemicall bufferl system,l lungs=l eliminatel Co2,l kidneysl eliminatel h+,l reabsorb/l generatel
HCO-l
ifl tool highl orl low,l proteinsl willl bel denatured
QUESTION
Definel respiratoryl acidosis.l Definel respiratoryl alkalosis.l Whatl canl causel eachl ofl those?
Answer:
respiratoryl acidosis;l increasedl ateriall PCO2,l increasedl ph,l respiratoryl failure-l drugl
overdose,l lungl disease,l chestl injury,l airwayl obstruction
respiratoryl alkalosis:l decreasedl ateriall PCO2,l increasedl phl andl decreasedl bicarbl levels,l
hypervent,l preg,l septicl shock,l systemicl inflammaotryl responsel syndrome
QUESTION
t/fl seruml levelsl ofl pHl andl CO2l levelsl arel directlyl proportional
Answer:
false
asl bloodl levelsl ofl CO2l increase,l PHl becomesl morel acidicl (decreases)
QUESTION
Definel Metabolicl acidosis.l Definel Metabolicl alkalosis.l Whatl canl causel eachl ofl those?
Answer:
,acidosis:l increasedl levelsl ofl ketoacidos,l lacticl acid,l decreasedl bicarbl orl chronicl kidneyl
disease
alkalosis:l decreasedl H+l levels,,l incresedl bicarbonatel levles,l mostl commonl acid-basel
disorder,l lossl osl stomachl acid-basel disroder,l lossl ofl stomachl acidsl through,l vomiting,l
hyperaldosteronsiml &l Cushingl disease
QUESTION
KNOWl EDEMA!!!
Answer:
accumulationl ofl fluidl inl extracellularl space
-physiologicl mechanisml thatl contributel tol edema:
increasel thel capillaryl pressurel ->l leakl intol tissues
decreasel thel capillaryl colliodiall osmoticl pressurel (pressurel generatedl byl thel plasmal
proteinsl thatl arel tool largel tol passl throughl thel poresl ofl thel capillaryl wall)l
increasel capillaryl permeability
producel obstructionl lymphl flow
QUESTION
typesl ofl edema
Answer:
pittingl edema:l swollenl partl ofl yourl bodyl hasl al dinplel orl pitl afterl pressurel ,l occursl
afterl thel accumulationl ofl interstitiall fluidl exceedingl thel absoprtivel capacityl ofl thel
tissue.l tissuel waterl becomesl immoble.l causes:l DVT,l CHF,l kidneyl failure,l liverl disease,l
tool muchl salt
nonpitting:l proteinsl havel accumulatedl inl thel tisssuel spacel andl coagulatedl mostl commonl
inl areasl ofl localziedl infectionl orl trauma
localized:l occursl withl hivesl orl otherl allergicl orl inflammatoryl conditonsl froml thel releasel
orl otherl inflammaotryl mediatiorsl thatl causel thel dilationl orl precapillaryl sphinctersl andl
arteriolesl thatl supplyl swollenl lesions
generall edema:l resultl ofl increasedl vascularl volumel e.g.l swelllingl ofl handsl andl feetsl
thatl occurl inl healthyl peoplel withl hotl weatherl (vasodilationl ofl superficiall bloodl vessslesl
alongl withl sodiuml andl waterl retention),l CHFl andl venousl congestion
QUESTION
Pittingl edemal gradingl scale
,Answer:
•l 1+l Mildl pitting,l slightl indentation,l nol perceptiblel swellingl ofl thel leg
•l 2+l Moderatel pitting,l indentation,l subsidesl rapidlyl (15l sec)
•l 3+l Deepl pitting,l indentationl remainsl forl al shortl time,l legl looksl swollenl (30l sec)
•l 4+l Veryl deepl pitting,l indentationl lastsl al longl time,l legl isl veryl swollen
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl canl causel metabolicl alkalosis?
a.l Lossl ofl stomachl acidl throughl vomiting
b.l Hyperaldosteronisml &l Cushingl Disease
c.l Bothl al andl b
d.l Nonel ofl thel above
Answer:
c
QUESTION
Respiratoryl alkalosisl canl bel causedl byl al respiratoryl ratel inl excessl ofl thatl whichl
maintainsl normall plasmal PCO2l levels.l Whatl isl al commonl causel ofl respiratoryl
alkalosis?
a.l Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Clusterl breathing
Kussmaull breathing
Answer:
a
QUESTION
Whatl happensl thel kidneyl fails?
Answer:
-lessl wastel isl removed,l morel wastel remainsl inl blood
-unablel tol regulatel fluid,l electroylesl andl pHl balance
-nutrogenousl compoundsl buildl upl inl thel blood
-renall function=l initiall creatinine/l currentl creatininel level
QUESTION
, ?l Knowl thel 3l majorl typesl ofl acutel kidneyl injuryl (alsol knownl asl acutel renall failure).l Il
spentl al lotl ofl timel onl 3l types.l Therel willl bel QUESTIONS!!!l STUDYl THEM!
Answer:
morel commonl thanl chronicl
-prerenal:l markedl decreasel inl renall bloodl flow,l causedl byl hemorrhage,l dehydration,l
vasoconstriction,l heartl failurel orl shock.l
-intrinsic:l damagel tol structuresl withinl thel kidneyl tubule.l causedl byl ischemia,l toxins,l
intratubularl obstruction.l exl acutel tubularl necrosisl causedl byl sepsisl orl necroticl effectl ofl
drugs,l leadsl tol decreasedl glomerularl filtrationl ratel
-postrenal:l obstructionl ofl urinel outflowl froml thel kidneyl outl thel urethral e.g.l stones,l
BPHl (mostl common)
QUESTION
whichl typel ofl AKIl wouldl bel mostl likelyl tol accompanyl BPH?
A.l Prerenal
b.l postrenal
c.intrarenal
d.extrinsic
Answer:
b
QUESTION
?l Definel Chronicl Kidneyl Disease.l Whatl canl causel Chronicl Kidneyl Disease?
Answer:
-fewerl functioningl nephrons
-decreasedl GFR
-remainingl nephronsl mustl filterl more:l hypertrophyl
causes:l diabetes,l glomerulerl nephritis,l lupus,l polycysticl kidneyl disease
QUESTION
whichl ofl thel followingl renall disordersl isl characterizedl byl increasingl BUNl andl
creatininel levels?
a.acutel kidneyl disease
b.chronicl kidneyl disease
c.uremia
d.l alll ofl thel above
e.l Bl andl C
