Examl 2:l NUl 606/l NU606l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Review|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Regis
QUESTION
Whatl isl atherosclerosis?
Answer:
-monocytesl [macrophages]l attachl tol thel endotheliuml atl al citel ofl damage
-macrophagesl releasel freel radicals->l oxidizedl LDLl [death]
-macrophagesl ingestl LDL->l foaml cells
-WBCs,l platelets,l andl vascularl endotheliuml releasel checmialsl thatl promotel plaquel
formation
-plaquesl blockl thel arteries->l PADl andl stroke
QUESTION
Whatl arel foaml cells?
Answer:
typel ofl macrophagel thatl localizel tol fattyl depositsl onl bloodl vessell walls
QUESTION
Whatl rolel doesl macrophagesl playl inl atherosclerosis?
Answer:
killl LDL,l ingestl LDL,l promotel plaquel formation
QUESTION
Howl arel unstablel plaquesl formed?l Describel theirl structures.
Answer:
-liquidsl releasedl froml necroticl foaml cellsl accumulatel tol forml unstablel plaque
-characterizedl byl thinl fibrousl caps,l andl centrall lipidl core
,-plaquel canl rupture->l forml thrombusl clot,l mayl completelyl blockl arteryl orl becomel anl
embolus
QUESTION
Whatl immediatel threatl dol thel unstablel plaquesl present?
a.clotl formationl willl increasel pressurel inl thel vessel
b.plaquel mayl leadl tol angina
c.clotl mayl breakl loosel andl blockl bloodl flowl tol keyl organs
d.alll ofl thel abovel constitutel immediatel threats
Answer:
C
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel majorl riskl factorsl forl atherosclerosis?
Answer:
-Hypercloesterolemia
-cigarettel smoke
-hypertension
-familyl historyl ofl prematurel CHDl inl firstl degreel relatives
-menl >45,l womenl >55
-HDL<40mg/dL
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel complications?
Answer:
-ischemicl heartl disease
-stroke
-pvd
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel Clinicall Manifestationsl ofl Atherosclerosis?
Answer:
-clinicall manifestationsl ofl atherosclerosis
l -mostl commonl inl largerl vessels:narrowingl ofl thel vessel/weakeningl andl resultingl
ischemia
,l -morel commonl inl mediuml vessels:vessell obstructionl duel tol plaquel hemorrhagel orl
rupture
l -thrombosis.andl formationl ofl emboli
l -aneurysml formation
QUESTION
Definel Vasculitis,l Whichl bloodl vesselsl canl bel affected?l Whatl causesl it?
Answer:
-inflammationl ofl thel bloodl vessell walll resultingl inl vasularl injuryl andl necrosis
-arteries,l capillariesl andl veinsl mayl bel affected
-thel inflammatoryl processl mayl bel initiatedl byl directl injury,l infectiousl agents,l orl
immunel processes
QUESTION
Whatl arel Peripherall Vascularl Disorders?
Answer:
-PADl andl raynaudl phenomenon
QUESTION
Whatl isl PAD?
Answer:
-artherosceroticl blockagesl orl largerl arteriesl butl notl coronary,l aorticl archl orl brainl
-canl resultl froml emboli
-canl causel acutel orl chronicl ischemia
QUESTION
Whatl canl causel PAD?
Answer:
PADl canl resultl froml atherosclerosis,l inflammatoryl responses,l embolisml orl thrombusl
formation
QUESTION
Whatl arel somel ofl thel riskl factors?
, Answer:
cigarettel smoking,l diabetesl mellitus
QUESTION
·l Whatl isl Raynaudl Phenomenon?l Whatl isl itl precipitatedl by?l Whatl causesl each?
Answer:
secondary:l raynaudl phenomenon,l associatedl withl bloodl vesslel injury
QUESTION
Whatl isl Raynaud'sl disease?l Whatl isl itl precipitatedl by?l Whatl causesl each?
Answer:
-intensel vasospasml inl arteries,l arteroiloesl inl thel fingersl andl toes
primary=l raynaudl disease,l seenl inl healthyl youngl women,l relatedl tol coldl andl strongl
emotions
QUESTION
Whatl isl anl aneurysm?l Whatl canl causel anl aneurysm?
Answer:
-abnormall localizedl dilationl ofl al bloodl vessel
-canl occurl inl veinsl orl arteriesl (morel common)
-walll ofl vessell becomesl weakl andl stretches
QUESTION
Canl anl untreatedl aneurysml rupture?
Answer:
yes
QUESTION
Whatl isl thel differencel betweenl truel andl falsel ones?
Answer:
true=l bindedl byl completel bloodl vessell wall
false=l boundl byl outerl layerl ofl thel vessell wall,l orl supportl tissue
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Review|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Regis
QUESTION
Whatl isl atherosclerosis?
Answer:
-monocytesl [macrophages]l attachl tol thel endotheliuml atl al citel ofl damage
-macrophagesl releasel freel radicals->l oxidizedl LDLl [death]
-macrophagesl ingestl LDL->l foaml cells
-WBCs,l platelets,l andl vascularl endotheliuml releasel checmialsl thatl promotel plaquel
formation
-plaquesl blockl thel arteries->l PADl andl stroke
QUESTION
Whatl arel foaml cells?
Answer:
typel ofl macrophagel thatl localizel tol fattyl depositsl onl bloodl vessell walls
QUESTION
Whatl rolel doesl macrophagesl playl inl atherosclerosis?
Answer:
killl LDL,l ingestl LDL,l promotel plaquel formation
QUESTION
Howl arel unstablel plaquesl formed?l Describel theirl structures.
Answer:
-liquidsl releasedl froml necroticl foaml cellsl accumulatel tol forml unstablel plaque
-characterizedl byl thinl fibrousl caps,l andl centrall lipidl core
,-plaquel canl rupture->l forml thrombusl clot,l mayl completelyl blockl arteryl orl becomel anl
embolus
QUESTION
Whatl immediatel threatl dol thel unstablel plaquesl present?
a.clotl formationl willl increasel pressurel inl thel vessel
b.plaquel mayl leadl tol angina
c.clotl mayl breakl loosel andl blockl bloodl flowl tol keyl organs
d.alll ofl thel abovel constitutel immediatel threats
Answer:
C
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel majorl riskl factorsl forl atherosclerosis?
Answer:
-Hypercloesterolemia
-cigarettel smoke
-hypertension
-familyl historyl ofl prematurel CHDl inl firstl degreel relatives
-menl >45,l womenl >55
-HDL<40mg/dL
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel complications?
Answer:
-ischemicl heartl disease
-stroke
-pvd
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel Clinicall Manifestationsl ofl Atherosclerosis?
Answer:
-clinicall manifestationsl ofl atherosclerosis
l -mostl commonl inl largerl vessels:narrowingl ofl thel vessel/weakeningl andl resultingl
ischemia
,l -morel commonl inl mediuml vessels:vessell obstructionl duel tol plaquel hemorrhagel orl
rupture
l -thrombosis.andl formationl ofl emboli
l -aneurysml formation
QUESTION
Definel Vasculitis,l Whichl bloodl vesselsl canl bel affected?l Whatl causesl it?
Answer:
-inflammationl ofl thel bloodl vessell walll resultingl inl vasularl injuryl andl necrosis
-arteries,l capillariesl andl veinsl mayl bel affected
-thel inflammatoryl processl mayl bel initiatedl byl directl injury,l infectiousl agents,l orl
immunel processes
QUESTION
Whatl arel Peripherall Vascularl Disorders?
Answer:
-PADl andl raynaudl phenomenon
QUESTION
Whatl isl PAD?
Answer:
-artherosceroticl blockagesl orl largerl arteriesl butl notl coronary,l aorticl archl orl brainl
-canl resultl froml emboli
-canl causel acutel orl chronicl ischemia
QUESTION
Whatl canl causel PAD?
Answer:
PADl canl resultl froml atherosclerosis,l inflammatoryl responses,l embolisml orl thrombusl
formation
QUESTION
Whatl arel somel ofl thel riskl factors?
, Answer:
cigarettel smoking,l diabetesl mellitus
QUESTION
·l Whatl isl Raynaudl Phenomenon?l Whatl isl itl precipitatedl by?l Whatl causesl each?
Answer:
secondary:l raynaudl phenomenon,l associatedl withl bloodl vesslel injury
QUESTION
Whatl isl Raynaud'sl disease?l Whatl isl itl precipitatedl by?l Whatl causesl each?
Answer:
-intensel vasospasml inl arteries,l arteroiloesl inl thel fingersl andl toes
primary=l raynaudl disease,l seenl inl healthyl youngl women,l relatedl tol coldl andl strongl
emotions
QUESTION
Whatl isl anl aneurysm?l Whatl canl causel anl aneurysm?
Answer:
-abnormall localizedl dilationl ofl al bloodl vessel
-canl occurl inl veinsl orl arteriesl (morel common)
-walll ofl vessell becomesl weakl andl stretches
QUESTION
Canl anl untreatedl aneurysml rupture?
Answer:
yes
QUESTION
Whatl isl thel differencel betweenl truel andl falsel ones?
Answer:
true=l bindedl byl completel bloodl vessell wall
false=l boundl byl outerl layerl ofl thel vessell wall,l orl supportl tissue
