BIOL 1001 LSU CROUSILLAC FINAL
CHS 10-12, 14 QUESTIONS &
ASWERS(RATED A+)
gene - ANSWERunit of DNA that encodes info needed to produce proteins, cells, &
entire organisms;
can be a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides in length
locus - ANSWERlocation of a gene on a chromosome
autosomes - ANSWERnon-sex chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - ANSWERcarry the same kinds of genes for the same
characteristics
alleles - ANSWERalternative versions of genes found at the same gene locus;
formed by mutations
homozygous - ANSWERhomologous chromosomes carry same allele at gene locus
heterozygous - ANSWERtwo homologous chromosomes carry different alleles at
given locus; also called hybrid
Punnett Square Method - ANSWERpredicts offspring genotypes and phenotypes
from combinations of parental gametes
1. Assign letters to the different alleles of the characteristic under consideration
(dominant=uppercase, recessive=lowercase)
2. determine the possible gametes from both parents
3. write gametes from each parent along each side of 2x2 grid
4. fill in genotypes of each pair of combined gametes in the grid
5. determine genotypic ration based on outcome
6. based on dominant and recessive traits, calculate predicted phenotype
.Gregor Mendel - ANSWERdiscovered patterns of inheritance and many essential
facts about genes, alleles, and distribution of alleles during reproduction; used pea
plants to see patterns in way plant characteristics were inherited
why did Mendel use pea plants? - ANSWERhas both carpel (female) and stamen
(male) reproductive structures and naturally self-fertilize; was able to cross-fertilize
pollen from stamen transfers to carpel
key to Mendel's success - ANSWERchose a simple design, studies one trait at a
time and followed several generations
ex. white vs purple flowers
true breeding - ANSWERhomozygous for a characteristic
, genotype - ANSWERparticular combination of the 2 alleles carried by an individual
phenotype - ANSWERphysical expression of the genotype (purple or while flowers)
test cross - ANSWERused to deduce whether an organism w/ a dominant phenotype
is homozygous or heterozygous
female sex chromosomes - ANSWERtwo X chromosomes
male sex chromosomes - ANSWERX chromosome and Y chromosome
incomplete dominance - ANSWERwhen the heterzygous phenotype is intermediate
btw the two homozygous phenotypes,
some alleles are incompletely dominant over others
blood type - ANSWERsingle gene may have multiple alleles, produce types
A,B,AB,O from 3 alleles, A,B,o
mini-satellite sequences - ANSWERsingle nucleotide differences btw individuals of
the same species, account for fingerprint identification
forensic DNA analysis - ANSWERcommercially available in 1987; overturned over
200 rulings nicknamed "DNA 200"
recombinant DNA - ANSWERcombination of DNA from 2 or more organisms into a
single DNA molecule; many important proteins such as insulin, HGH, and EPO are
commercially produced this way
alleles A and B - ANSWERcode for enzymes that add different sugar molecules to
the ends of glycoproteins that protrude from red blood cells
allele o - ANSWERcodes for nonfunctional enzymes that do not add any sugar
molecules
codominance - ANSWERwhen heterozygotes express the phenotypes of both the
homozygotes (both A and B glycoproteins in AB blood type)
universal donor (type O) - ANSWERlacks sugars and not attacked by antibodies,
makes A & B antibodies
nondisjunction - ANSWERincorrect separation of chromosomes in meiosis; causes
gametes to have too many & too few chromosomes
nucleic acids - ANSWERpolymers of nucleotides linked together by dehydration
synthesis reactions;
information storage and transmission
genes - ANSWERunits of heredity made of nucleic acid(DNA)
CHS 10-12, 14 QUESTIONS &
ASWERS(RATED A+)
gene - ANSWERunit of DNA that encodes info needed to produce proteins, cells, &
entire organisms;
can be a few hundred to many thousands of nucleotides in length
locus - ANSWERlocation of a gene on a chromosome
autosomes - ANSWERnon-sex chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - ANSWERcarry the same kinds of genes for the same
characteristics
alleles - ANSWERalternative versions of genes found at the same gene locus;
formed by mutations
homozygous - ANSWERhomologous chromosomes carry same allele at gene locus
heterozygous - ANSWERtwo homologous chromosomes carry different alleles at
given locus; also called hybrid
Punnett Square Method - ANSWERpredicts offspring genotypes and phenotypes
from combinations of parental gametes
1. Assign letters to the different alleles of the characteristic under consideration
(dominant=uppercase, recessive=lowercase)
2. determine the possible gametes from both parents
3. write gametes from each parent along each side of 2x2 grid
4. fill in genotypes of each pair of combined gametes in the grid
5. determine genotypic ration based on outcome
6. based on dominant and recessive traits, calculate predicted phenotype
.Gregor Mendel - ANSWERdiscovered patterns of inheritance and many essential
facts about genes, alleles, and distribution of alleles during reproduction; used pea
plants to see patterns in way plant characteristics were inherited
why did Mendel use pea plants? - ANSWERhas both carpel (female) and stamen
(male) reproductive structures and naturally self-fertilize; was able to cross-fertilize
pollen from stamen transfers to carpel
key to Mendel's success - ANSWERchose a simple design, studies one trait at a
time and followed several generations
ex. white vs purple flowers
true breeding - ANSWERhomozygous for a characteristic
, genotype - ANSWERparticular combination of the 2 alleles carried by an individual
phenotype - ANSWERphysical expression of the genotype (purple or while flowers)
test cross - ANSWERused to deduce whether an organism w/ a dominant phenotype
is homozygous or heterozygous
female sex chromosomes - ANSWERtwo X chromosomes
male sex chromosomes - ANSWERX chromosome and Y chromosome
incomplete dominance - ANSWERwhen the heterzygous phenotype is intermediate
btw the two homozygous phenotypes,
some alleles are incompletely dominant over others
blood type - ANSWERsingle gene may have multiple alleles, produce types
A,B,AB,O from 3 alleles, A,B,o
mini-satellite sequences - ANSWERsingle nucleotide differences btw individuals of
the same species, account for fingerprint identification
forensic DNA analysis - ANSWERcommercially available in 1987; overturned over
200 rulings nicknamed "DNA 200"
recombinant DNA - ANSWERcombination of DNA from 2 or more organisms into a
single DNA molecule; many important proteins such as insulin, HGH, and EPO are
commercially produced this way
alleles A and B - ANSWERcode for enzymes that add different sugar molecules to
the ends of glycoproteins that protrude from red blood cells
allele o - ANSWERcodes for nonfunctional enzymes that do not add any sugar
molecules
codominance - ANSWERwhen heterozygotes express the phenotypes of both the
homozygotes (both A and B glycoproteins in AB blood type)
universal donor (type O) - ANSWERlacks sugars and not attacked by antibodies,
makes A & B antibodies
nondisjunction - ANSWERincorrect separation of chromosomes in meiosis; causes
gametes to have too many & too few chromosomes
nucleic acids - ANSWERpolymers of nucleotides linked together by dehydration
synthesis reactions;
information storage and transmission
genes - ANSWERunits of heredity made of nucleic acid(DNA)
