FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES, AND BLOOD
MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW INSIDER ACCESS OF
2025/2026 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% SUCCESS
RATE
What is the total body water (TBW) in an adult? - 42 liters.
How is total body water (TBW) divided into compartments? - It is divided into intracellular fluid
(28 L) and extracellular fluid (14 L).
What are the major extracellular ions? - Na+, Ca+2, Cl-, HCO3-.
What are the major intracellular ions? - K+, Mg2+, PO4-2.
What does the mnemonic 60/40/20 represent? - 60% of body weight is TBW, 40% is intracellular
fluid, and 20% is extracellular fluid.
What is the formula to calculate total body water (TBW) for a 70 kg male? - TWB = 70 × 0.6 =
42 L.
What are the two major forces described by Starling Forces? - Hydrostatic pressure (push
pressure) and oncotic pressure (pull pressure).
What is the formula for Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)? - NFP = (Pc - Pif) - (πc - πif).
What does a Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) greater than 0 indicate? - Filtration occurs, meaning
fluid exits the capillary.
What does a Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) less than 0 indicate? - Reabsorption occurs, meaning
fluid enters the capillary.
,What is the function of the lymphatic system? - It removes fluid, protein, bacteria, and debris
from the interstitium.
What can cause edema in the lymphatic system? - Edema occurs when interstitial fluid
accumulation exceeds the lymph rate of removal.
What is the normal range for plasma osmolarity? - 280-290 mOsm/L.
What is the formula for calculating plasma osmolarity? - Plasma osmolarity = 2 Na+ +
(Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8).
What is the largest determinant of plasma osmolarity? - Sodium.
What conditions can increase plasma osmolarity? - Hypernatremia, hyperglycemia, and uremia
(increased BUN).
What is tonicity? - Tonicity is the capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by
altering its water content.
How does tonicity compare a solution to plasma? - It compares the osmolarity of a solution to
that of the plasma.
What is the role of Erythropoietin in blood? - Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red
blood cells.
What is the significance of blood typing and matching? - It ensures compatibility for blood
transfusions.
, What are the potential complications of blood transfusions? - TRALI (Transfusion Related Acute
Lung Injury) and TACO (Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload).
What is the normal plasma osmolarity range? - 280-290 mOsm/L
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution? - Water enters the cell and it swells.
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution? - Water leaves the cell and it shrinks.
What is the osmolarity of NaCl 0.45%? - 154 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of NaCl 3%? - 1026 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of NaCl 0.9%? - 308 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of D5W? - 253 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of D5 NaCl 0.9%? - 560 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of Lactated Ringer's (LR)? - 273 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of Plasmalyte? - 294 mOsm
What is the difference in fluid replacement ratios between crystalloids and colloids? -
Crystalloids replace at a 3:1 ratio; colloids replace at a 1:1 ratio.
What are the two types of fluid management strategies? - Traditional and goal-directed
management.
MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW INSIDER ACCESS OF
2025/2026 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% SUCCESS
RATE
What is the total body water (TBW) in an adult? - 42 liters.
How is total body water (TBW) divided into compartments? - It is divided into intracellular fluid
(28 L) and extracellular fluid (14 L).
What are the major extracellular ions? - Na+, Ca+2, Cl-, HCO3-.
What are the major intracellular ions? - K+, Mg2+, PO4-2.
What does the mnemonic 60/40/20 represent? - 60% of body weight is TBW, 40% is intracellular
fluid, and 20% is extracellular fluid.
What is the formula to calculate total body water (TBW) for a 70 kg male? - TWB = 70 × 0.6 =
42 L.
What are the two major forces described by Starling Forces? - Hydrostatic pressure (push
pressure) and oncotic pressure (pull pressure).
What is the formula for Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)? - NFP = (Pc - Pif) - (πc - πif).
What does a Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) greater than 0 indicate? - Filtration occurs, meaning
fluid exits the capillary.
What does a Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) less than 0 indicate? - Reabsorption occurs, meaning
fluid enters the capillary.
,What is the function of the lymphatic system? - It removes fluid, protein, bacteria, and debris
from the interstitium.
What can cause edema in the lymphatic system? - Edema occurs when interstitial fluid
accumulation exceeds the lymph rate of removal.
What is the normal range for plasma osmolarity? - 280-290 mOsm/L.
What is the formula for calculating plasma osmolarity? - Plasma osmolarity = 2 Na+ +
(Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8).
What is the largest determinant of plasma osmolarity? - Sodium.
What conditions can increase plasma osmolarity? - Hypernatremia, hyperglycemia, and uremia
(increased BUN).
What is tonicity? - Tonicity is the capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by
altering its water content.
How does tonicity compare a solution to plasma? - It compares the osmolarity of a solution to
that of the plasma.
What is the role of Erythropoietin in blood? - Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red
blood cells.
What is the significance of blood typing and matching? - It ensures compatibility for blood
transfusions.
, What are the potential complications of blood transfusions? - TRALI (Transfusion Related Acute
Lung Injury) and TACO (Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload).
What is the normal plasma osmolarity range? - 280-290 mOsm/L
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution? - Water enters the cell and it swells.
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution? - Water leaves the cell and it shrinks.
What is the osmolarity of NaCl 0.45%? - 154 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of NaCl 3%? - 1026 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of NaCl 0.9%? - 308 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of D5W? - 253 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of D5 NaCl 0.9%? - 560 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of Lactated Ringer's (LR)? - 273 mOsm
What is the osmolarity of Plasmalyte? - 294 mOsm
What is the difference in fluid replacement ratios between crystalloids and colloids? -
Crystalloids replace at a 3:1 ratio; colloids replace at a 1:1 ratio.
What are the two types of fluid management strategies? - Traditional and goal-directed
management.
