Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology
questions and answer 2025/2026 latest update
Anatomy - answerthe study of the structure of the body
Physiology - answerthe study of the function of the body
Chemical level - answerrepresents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of Atomic level
and molecular level)
Cellular level - answerrepresents the basic unit of all living things
Tissue level - answera group of cells with similar or common function
Organ level - answera group of tissues with similar or common function
Organ system level - answera group of organs with similar or common function
Organismic level - answerthe entire body consisting of the various organ systems.
Integumentary System - answercontrols body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards
Skeletal System - answersupports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells
Muscular System - answermovement, support and produces heat
Nervous System - answercontrols immediate responses to stimuli
Endocrine System - answercontrols long-term responses in body
,Cardiovascular System - answerinternal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells
Lymphatic & Immune Systems - answerdefense, immunity and returns lost fluids to cardiovascular
system
Respiratory System - answerexchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues
Digestive System - answeringestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of indigestible
wastes
Urinary System - answerfiltration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to eliminate
waste products
Reproductive System - answerproduces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction
homeostasis - answercondition in which body's internal environment remains within certain narrow
physiological limits
homeostatic regulation - answeradjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis
receptor - answermonitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control center
control (integration) center - answerreceives input from receptor & determines appropriate response
effector - answercell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and produces a
response (effect)
interactions of a feedback system - answerstimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent pathway) -> control
center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response
,positive feedback - answerthe response by the effector to the initial change is to further exaggerate the
change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the baby towards the birth
canal, which
places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes uterine contraction,
etc. - answer...
Negative feedback - answerthe response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or reduce that
change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When blood sugar level rises, the
pancreas secretes
insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose from the blood and
lowering blood sugar level. - answer...
Anatomical position - answerpatient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic = head
Cranial - answerupper portion of head surrounding brain
Facial - answerface
cervical - answerneck
thoracic - answerchest
axillary - answerarmpit
acromial - answerpoint of shoulder
deltoid - answerfleshy portion of shoulder
brachial - answerupper arm
, antebrachial - answerforearm
antecubital - answerfront of elbow
carpal - answerwrist
manual - answerhand
digital (phalangeal) - answerfingers or toes
abdominal - answerregion of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
dorsal - answerback
lumbar - answerlower back
olecranol - answerback of elbow
pelvic - answerpelvis
pubic - answeranterior pelvis
inguinal - answerjunction of trunk and thighs (groin)
gluteal - answerbuttocks
femoral - answerthigh
questions and answer 2025/2026 latest update
Anatomy - answerthe study of the structure of the body
Physiology - answerthe study of the function of the body
Chemical level - answerrepresents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of Atomic level
and molecular level)
Cellular level - answerrepresents the basic unit of all living things
Tissue level - answera group of cells with similar or common function
Organ level - answera group of tissues with similar or common function
Organ system level - answera group of organs with similar or common function
Organismic level - answerthe entire body consisting of the various organ systems.
Integumentary System - answercontrols body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards
Skeletal System - answersupports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells
Muscular System - answermovement, support and produces heat
Nervous System - answercontrols immediate responses to stimuli
Endocrine System - answercontrols long-term responses in body
,Cardiovascular System - answerinternal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells
Lymphatic & Immune Systems - answerdefense, immunity and returns lost fluids to cardiovascular
system
Respiratory System - answerexchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues
Digestive System - answeringestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of indigestible
wastes
Urinary System - answerfiltration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to eliminate
waste products
Reproductive System - answerproduces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction
homeostasis - answercondition in which body's internal environment remains within certain narrow
physiological limits
homeostatic regulation - answeradjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis
receptor - answermonitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control center
control (integration) center - answerreceives input from receptor & determines appropriate response
effector - answercell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and produces a
response (effect)
interactions of a feedback system - answerstimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent pathway) -> control
center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response
,positive feedback - answerthe response by the effector to the initial change is to further exaggerate the
change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the baby towards the birth
canal, which
places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes uterine contraction,
etc. - answer...
Negative feedback - answerthe response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or reduce that
change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When blood sugar level rises, the
pancreas secretes
insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose from the blood and
lowering blood sugar level. - answer...
Anatomical position - answerpatient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic = head
Cranial - answerupper portion of head surrounding brain
Facial - answerface
cervical - answerneck
thoracic - answerchest
axillary - answerarmpit
acromial - answerpoint of shoulder
deltoid - answerfleshy portion of shoulder
brachial - answerupper arm
, antebrachial - answerforearm
antecubital - answerfront of elbow
carpal - answerwrist
manual - answerhand
digital (phalangeal) - answerfingers or toes
abdominal - answerregion of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
dorsal - answerback
lumbar - answerlower back
olecranol - answerback of elbow
pelvic - answerpelvis
pubic - answeranterior pelvis
inguinal - answerjunction of trunk and thighs (groin)
gluteal - answerbuttocks
femoral - answerthigh
