NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology
FINAL Exam Review 2 South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of Type
1 Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance at the cellular level
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Excessive insulin secretion
d) Impaired gluconeogenesis
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
This leads to absolute insulin deficiency causing hyperglycemia
characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes.
,2. The hallmark of acute inflammation is the presence of:
a) Fibrosis
b) Granuloma formation
c) Neutrophil infiltration
d) Lymphocyte predominance
c) Neutrophil infiltration
Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation, migrating
rapidly to the site of injury.
3. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the
following structural changes is most characteristic?
a) Alveolar wall destruction and airspace enlargement
b) Excessive mucus production and bronchospasm
c) Pleural effusion formation
d) Pulmonary embolism
a) Alveolar wall destruction and airspace enlargement
This describes emphysema, a key component of COPD, leading to
decreased surface area for gas exchange.
4. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind anemia of
chronic disease?
a) Iron deficiency due to bleeding
b) Impaired iron utilization and sequestration in macrophages
c) Hemolysis of red blood cells
d) Vitamin B12 deficiency
, b) Impaired iron utilization and sequestration in macrophages
Inflammatory cytokines increase hepcidin which traps iron in
macrophages, reducing availability for erythropoiesis.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with Addison’s
disease?
a) Hypernatremia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hyponatremia
d) Hypercalcemia
c) Hyponatremia
Addison’s disease causes decreased aldosterone, leading to sodium
loss and hyponatremia.
6. The primary injury in ischemic stroke involves:
a) Hemorrhage into brain tissue
b) Neuronal cell death from oxygen deprivation
c) Demyelination of neurons
d) Infection of cerebral tissue
b) Neuronal cell death from oxygen deprivation
Ischemia leads to hypoxia and energy failure, causing neuronal death
in affected brain areas.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in rheumatoid
arthritis?
a) Type I
, b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
c) Type III
Immune complexes deposit in joints triggering inflammation and
tissue damage characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis.
8. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the increased insulin
resistance seen during pregnancy?
a) Progesterone
b) Estrogen
c) Human placental lactogen (hPL)
d) Cortisol
c) Human placental lactogen (hPL)
hPL antagonizes insulin action to ensure adequate glucose supply for
the fetus, increasing insulin resistance.
9. In chronic kidney disease, what causes the anemia commonly
observed?
a) Hemorrhage due to uremia
b) Decreased erythropoietin production
c) Iron overload
d) Hemolysis
b) Decreased erythropoietin production
FINAL Exam Review 2 South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of Type
1 Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance at the cellular level
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Excessive insulin secretion
d) Impaired gluconeogenesis
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
This leads to absolute insulin deficiency causing hyperglycemia
characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes.
,2. The hallmark of acute inflammation is the presence of:
a) Fibrosis
b) Granuloma formation
c) Neutrophil infiltration
d) Lymphocyte predominance
c) Neutrophil infiltration
Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation, migrating
rapidly to the site of injury.
3. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which of the
following structural changes is most characteristic?
a) Alveolar wall destruction and airspace enlargement
b) Excessive mucus production and bronchospasm
c) Pleural effusion formation
d) Pulmonary embolism
a) Alveolar wall destruction and airspace enlargement
This describes emphysema, a key component of COPD, leading to
decreased surface area for gas exchange.
4. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind anemia of
chronic disease?
a) Iron deficiency due to bleeding
b) Impaired iron utilization and sequestration in macrophages
c) Hemolysis of red blood cells
d) Vitamin B12 deficiency
, b) Impaired iron utilization and sequestration in macrophages
Inflammatory cytokines increase hepcidin which traps iron in
macrophages, reducing availability for erythropoiesis.
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with Addison’s
disease?
a) Hypernatremia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hyponatremia
d) Hypercalcemia
c) Hyponatremia
Addison’s disease causes decreased aldosterone, leading to sodium
loss and hyponatremia.
6. The primary injury in ischemic stroke involves:
a) Hemorrhage into brain tissue
b) Neuronal cell death from oxygen deprivation
c) Demyelination of neurons
d) Infection of cerebral tissue
b) Neuronal cell death from oxygen deprivation
Ischemia leads to hypoxia and energy failure, causing neuronal death
in affected brain areas.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in rheumatoid
arthritis?
a) Type I
, b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
c) Type III
Immune complexes deposit in joints triggering inflammation and
tissue damage characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis.
8. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the increased insulin
resistance seen during pregnancy?
a) Progesterone
b) Estrogen
c) Human placental lactogen (hPL)
d) Cortisol
c) Human placental lactogen (hPL)
hPL antagonizes insulin action to ensure adequate glucose supply for
the fetus, increasing insulin resistance.
9. In chronic kidney disease, what causes the anemia commonly
observed?
a) Hemorrhage due to uremia
b) Decreased erythropoietin production
c) Iron overload
d) Hemolysis
b) Decreased erythropoietin production
