NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Review 2 | South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Excessive insulin production
d) Decreased hepatic glucose production
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
This leads to absolute insulin deficiency characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes.
2. In congestive heart failure, the primary cause of pulmonary edema is:
a) Decreased oncotic pressure
, b) Left ventricular failure leading to increased pulmonary capillary
pressure
c) Right ventricular failure causing systemic congestion
d) Hypovolemia
b) Left ventricular failure leading to increased pulmonary capillary
pressure
Left heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation,
increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing edema.
3. What cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic hypoxia?
a) Metaplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Hypertrophy
d) Hyperplasia
c) Hypertrophy
Cells increase in size to adapt to increased workload or stress, as seen in
cardiac hypertrophy due to hypoxia.
4. The hallmark of nephrotic syndrome is:
a) Hematuria
b) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
c) Decreased serum cholesterol
d) Oliguria
,b) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
Massive protein loss in urine leads to hypoalbuminemia and edema,
characteristic of nephrotic syndrome.
5. What is the primary mechanism of injury in autoimmune hemolytic
anemia?
a) Deficiency of erythropoietin
b) Antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells
c) Iron deficiency
d) Bone marrow failure
b) Antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells
Autoantibodies target RBCs leading to their premature destruction.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with Addison’s
disease?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypernatremia
d) Hyponatremia
a) Hyperkalemia
Adrenal insufficiency decreases aldosterone leading to potassium
retention.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in allergic asthma?
a) Type I (IgE-mediated)
, b) Type II (cytotoxic)
c) Type III (immune complex)
d) Type IV (cell-mediated)
a) Type I (IgE-mediated)
Asthma involves an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity causing
bronchoconstriction.
8. Which of the following is true regarding chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) It primarily affects the alveoli and is characterized by decreased
airway resistance
b) It results in irreversible airflow limitation
c) It is fully reversible with bronchodilators
d) It predominantly involves an acute inflammatory process
b) It results in irreversible airflow limitation
COPD causes chronic inflammation and airway remodeling, leading to
irreversible obstruction.
9. What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia worldwide?
a) Genetic mutation
b) Chronic blood loss
c) Hemolysis
d) Vitamin B12 deficiency
Midterm Exam Review 2 | South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Excessive insulin production
d) Decreased hepatic glucose production
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
This leads to absolute insulin deficiency characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes.
2. In congestive heart failure, the primary cause of pulmonary edema is:
a) Decreased oncotic pressure
, b) Left ventricular failure leading to increased pulmonary capillary
pressure
c) Right ventricular failure causing systemic congestion
d) Hypovolemia
b) Left ventricular failure leading to increased pulmonary capillary
pressure
Left heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary circulation,
increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing edema.
3. What cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic hypoxia?
a) Metaplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Hypertrophy
d) Hyperplasia
c) Hypertrophy
Cells increase in size to adapt to increased workload or stress, as seen in
cardiac hypertrophy due to hypoxia.
4. The hallmark of nephrotic syndrome is:
a) Hematuria
b) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
c) Decreased serum cholesterol
d) Oliguria
,b) Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day
Massive protein loss in urine leads to hypoalbuminemia and edema,
characteristic of nephrotic syndrome.
5. What is the primary mechanism of injury in autoimmune hemolytic
anemia?
a) Deficiency of erythropoietin
b) Antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells
c) Iron deficiency
d) Bone marrow failure
b) Antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells
Autoantibodies target RBCs leading to their premature destruction.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with Addison’s
disease?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypernatremia
d) Hyponatremia
a) Hyperkalemia
Adrenal insufficiency decreases aldosterone leading to potassium
retention.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in allergic asthma?
a) Type I (IgE-mediated)
, b) Type II (cytotoxic)
c) Type III (immune complex)
d) Type IV (cell-mediated)
a) Type I (IgE-mediated)
Asthma involves an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity causing
bronchoconstriction.
8. Which of the following is true regarding chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) It primarily affects the alveoli and is characterized by decreased
airway resistance
b) It results in irreversible airflow limitation
c) It is fully reversible with bronchodilators
d) It predominantly involves an acute inflammatory process
b) It results in irreversible airflow limitation
COPD causes chronic inflammation and airway remodeling, leading to
irreversible obstruction.
9. What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia worldwide?
a) Genetic mutation
b) Chronic blood loss
c) Hemolysis
d) Vitamin B12 deficiency
