NR 546 / NR546 Final Exam Guide : Chamberlain’s Verified Q&A for Psychopharmacology|Verified A+ 2025

NR 546 FINAL EXAM (NR546 ACTUAL) WITH CORRECT
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A+ GRADED ANSWERS cx cx cx




NR 546 / NR546 Final Exam Guide 2025/2026:
Chamberlain’s Verified Q&A for Psychopharmacology
(New!!!)




If an AD medication is discontinued: - ANSWER the medication may not be as
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effective if restarted
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Current gold standard of treatment for cognitive symptoms includes: - ANSWER
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pharmacologic management with a cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEIs) and an N-
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methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist.
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Four Major causes of Dementia - ANSWER_-Alzheimer Disease (AD)
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-vascular dementia cx




-Lewy body dementias (LBD)
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-frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cx cx




three pathological hallmarks of AD seen in the brain at autopsy are: -
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ANSWER_(1) amyloid-beta (Aβ), aggregated into plaques cx cx cx cx cx

, NR 546 FINAL EXAM (NR546 ACTUAL) WITH CORRECT
cx cx cx cx cx cx cx




A+ GRADED ANSWERS cx cx cx




(2) neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
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(3) substantial neuronal cell loss cx cx cx




Differential diagnosis, clinical presentation: Vascular dementia - ANSWER_-
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Impaired abstraction, mental flexibility, processing speed, and working memory
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-Verbal memory is better preserved
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-Slower cognitive decline
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-Dementia occurs within several months of a stroke
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Differential diagnosis, clinical presentation: Lewy body dementias (LBD) -
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ANSWER_-Visual hallucinations
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-Spontaneous parkinsonism cx




-Cognitive fluctuationscx

, NR 546 FINAL EXAM (NR546 ACTUAL) WITH CORRECT
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A+ GRADED ANSWERS cx cx cx




-Visuospatial, attention, and executive function deficits are worse cx cx cx cx cx cx cx




-Memory impairment is not as severe cx cx cx cx cx




-Earlier presentation of psychosis and personality changes
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-Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disturbances
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Differential diagnosis, clinical presentation: Frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) -
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ANSWER_-Progressive behavioral and personality changes that impair social
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conduct (apathy, disinhibition, etc.)
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-Language impairment cx




-Possibly preserved episodic memory cx cx cx




Lewy Body Dementias (LBD) - ANSWER_Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)
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and the related Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD)
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-10-15% of all cases of dementia cx cx cx cx cx




-abnormal accumulation of a protein called α-synuclein
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• aggregate to form oligomers, eventually turning into "Lewy bodies" & Lewy
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neurites, as neurons degenerate
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The Amyloid cascade Hypothesis - ANSWER_Alzheimer disease (AD) is caused
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by the accumulation of toxic Aβ, which form into plaques, hyperphosphorylation
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of tau, neurofibrillary tangle formation, synaptic dysfunction, and ultimately
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neuron loss with memory loss and dementia
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risk of developing AD - ANSWER_-inheritance of two copies of APOE4 leads to a
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tenfold increased AD risk
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-APOE2 gene appears to offer some protection from AD
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-APOE3 gene (the most common form of the APOE gene) conveys a risk that falls
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between APOE2 and APOE4
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, NR 546 FINAL EXAM (NR546 ACTUAL) WITH CORRECT
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A+ GRADED ANSWERS cx cx cx




Non-pharmacological options for behavioral symptoms in dementia - ANSWER_• cx cx cx cx cx cx cx cx




Address unmet needs (hunger, pain, thirst, boredom)
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• Identify/modify environmental stressors cx cx




• Identify/modify daily routine stressors cx cx cx




• Caregiver support/training cx




• Behavior modification cx




• Group/individual therapy cx




• Problem solving cx




• Distraction
• Provide outlets for pent-up energy (exercise, activities)
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• Avoid behavior triggers
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• Increase social engagement cx cx




• Relaxation techniques cx




• Reminiscence therapy cx




• Music therapy cx




• Aromatherapy
• Pet therapy
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Tx dementia-related psychosis – ANSWER Pimavanserin
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-hypothetically reduces overactivity in the psychosis network caused by plaques,
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tangles, Lewy bodies, or strokes, presumably by lowering the normal 5HT2A
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stimulation to surviving glutamate neurons that have lost their GABA inhibition by
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neurodegeneration
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-approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis & there are positive
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trials in dementia-related psychosis
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