PSYC 290 EXAM 3 Questions And
Answers
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, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages - ANS Birth to 12 mos. - Trust vs. Mistrust:During this stage
the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live. To resolve these feelings of uncertainty
the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.
12 mos. to 3 years - Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt:If children in this stage are encouraged and
supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their
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own ability to survive in the world.If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the
opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and
may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame
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or doubt in their own abilities.
3 years to 6 years - Initiative vs Guilt: Children explore the world beyond themselves. They
explore feeding and dressing, toilet training, and new ways of moving about. When they begin to
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succeed in doing things for themselves, they gain a sense of self-confidence and self-control.
However, if they continually fail and are punished or labeled as messy, sloppy, inadequate, or
bad they learn to feel shame or self-doubt.
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6 years to 12 years - Industry vs. Inferiority: Children develop numerous skills and competencies
in school, at home, and in the outside world. A sense of self is enriched by the realistic
development of such competencies. Comparison with peers is increasingly significant. A
negative evaluation of self as inferior compared to others is especially disruptive at this time.
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12 years to 18 years - Ego identity vs. Ego diffusion: Before adolescence, children begin to learn
a number of different roles: student, friend, older sibling, athlete, musician, and so forth. During
adolescence, it becomes important to sort out and integrate those roles into a single, consistent
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - ANS Birth to approximately 2 years:
Sensorimotor - Infants learn about the world through looking, grasping, mouthing, and other
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actions. Intelligence relies on the senses and bodily motion, beginning with simple reflexes that
give rise to more complex, voluntary behaviors.
2 years to approximately 7 year: Preoperational - Children form concepts and use symbols,
such as language, to help them communicate. Such concepts are limited to their personal,
immediate experiences. Preoperational children possess very limited, and at times "magical",
notions of cause and effect and have difficulty classifying objects or events. They do not hold
broad, general theories, but instead they use daily experiences to build specific knowledge. In
addition, preoperational children neither make generalizations about classes of objects (e.g., all
grandmothers) nor can they think through the consequences of a particular chain of events.
Answers
A
R
U
LA
C
O
D
, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages - ANS Birth to 12 mos. - Trust vs. Mistrust:During this stage
the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live. To resolve these feelings of uncertainty
the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.
12 mos. to 3 years - Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt:If children in this stage are encouraged and
supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their
A
own ability to survive in the world.If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the
opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and
may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame
R
or doubt in their own abilities.
3 years to 6 years - Initiative vs Guilt: Children explore the world beyond themselves. They
explore feeding and dressing, toilet training, and new ways of moving about. When they begin to
U
succeed in doing things for themselves, they gain a sense of self-confidence and self-control.
However, if they continually fail and are punished or labeled as messy, sloppy, inadequate, or
bad they learn to feel shame or self-doubt.
LA
6 years to 12 years - Industry vs. Inferiority: Children develop numerous skills and competencies
in school, at home, and in the outside world. A sense of self is enriched by the realistic
development of such competencies. Comparison with peers is increasingly significant. A
negative evaluation of self as inferior compared to others is especially disruptive at this time.
C
12 years to 18 years - Ego identity vs. Ego diffusion: Before adolescence, children begin to learn
a number of different roles: student, friend, older sibling, athlete, musician, and so forth. During
adolescence, it becomes important to sort out and integrate those roles into a single, consistent
i
O
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - ANS Birth to approximately 2 years:
Sensorimotor - Infants learn about the world through looking, grasping, mouthing, and other
D
actions. Intelligence relies on the senses and bodily motion, beginning with simple reflexes that
give rise to more complex, voluntary behaviors.
2 years to approximately 7 year: Preoperational - Children form concepts and use symbols,
such as language, to help them communicate. Such concepts are limited to their personal,
immediate experiences. Preoperational children possess very limited, and at times "magical",
notions of cause and effect and have difficulty classifying objects or events. They do not hold
broad, general theories, but instead they use daily experiences to build specific knowledge. In
addition, preoperational children neither make generalizations about classes of objects (e.g., all
grandmothers) nor can they think through the consequences of a particular chain of events.
