NUR 968 Final Exam
_____ in the plasma help maintain osmolarity ANS: ions
chief cation: ANS: sodium
chief anion ANS: chloride
most abundant protein in the plasma: ANS: albumin
what does albumin do in the plasma? ANS: provides critical osmotic/oncotic pressure. regulates flow of
water in and ouot of vascular space
what happens with less plasma proteins? ANS: edema, ascites, effusions, etc
second most abundant protein in plasma: ANS: immunoglobulins
diameter of RBC ANS: 7 micrometers
shape of RBC: ANS: biconcave, can fold
RBC contains: ANS: fluid and hemoglobin
life span of RBC: ANS: 120 days
do RBCs contain a nucleus or mitochondria? ANS: no
,Which form of iron binds oxygen? ANS: Ferrous form (Fe 2+)
which form of iron does not bind oxygen? ANS: ferric form (Fe 3+)
what happens to the RBC as they age? (3) ANS: rigid membranes, more fragile, less metabolically active
capillaries in the spleen can get as small as: ANS: 3 micrometers
Many RBCs self destruct in the : ANS: spleen
where are RBCs produced during early embryonic life? ANS: yolk sac
where are RBCs made during the middle trimester of pregnancy? ANS: liver is the main organ of RBC
production, followed by spleen and lymph nodes
where are RBCs made during the last trimester of pregnancy? ANS: bone marrow
the bone marrow of ALL bones produces RBCs up to _____ years ANS: 5
by 20 years old, where are RBCs produced? ANS: in membranous bones - vertebrae, sternum, ribs, ilium
RBCs start as which type of cell ANS: pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
as they replicate, pluripotential stem cells can do what two things? ANS: stay pluripotential stem cells or
become committed stem cells
,a pro-erythroblast divides several times to form a _______ which then divides and forms the
__________ ANS: basophil, reticulocyte
do basophils have hemoglobin? ANS: very little
do reticulocytes have hemoglobin? ANS: yes
reticulocytes squeeze out of the bone marrow into the vascular capillary through a process called
___________ ANS: diapedesis
do reticulocytes have organelles? ANS: yes
how long does it take a reticulocyte to mature into an RBC ANS: 1-2 days
RBCs are ___% hemoglobin ANS: 34%
growth and replication of RBCs are controlled by: ANS: proteins called growth inducers
most famous growth inducer: ANS: interleukin-3
formation of growth inducers is controlled by: ANS: factors outside of the bone marrow
most important regulator of RBC production is: ANS: tissue oxygenation
_____% of all erythropoietin is formed in the kidney ANS: 90%
, an increase in erythropoietin can occur how quickly? ANS: minutes to hours
how long does it take to see an increase in RBCs after an increase in erithropoietin? ANS: 5 days
Vitamin B-12 and folate are vital for which part of cell maturation/cell division ANS: DNA synthesis
what do RBCs look like with B12 and folate deficiency? ANS: macrocytes
characteristics of macrocytes: (4) ANS: flimsy membranes,
irregular oval shape,
short lives,
cant squeeze through capillaries without falling apart
where is intrinsic factor secreted from? ANS: parietal cells of the gastric mucosa
what does intrinsic factor do? ANS: combines with B12 and allows it to be absorbed, where it is then
stored in the liver and released based on the needs of the bone marrow
What is pernicious anemia? ANS: a decrease in intrinsic factor = no B12 absorption = impaired RBC
maturation
What do RBCs look like with a folic acid deficiency? ANS: megablastic/macrocytic
where is folic acid absorbed ANS: gut
what is sprue celiac? ANS: an intolerance to storage proteins like gluten. triggered by an immune-
mediated mechanism
_____ in the plasma help maintain osmolarity ANS: ions
chief cation: ANS: sodium
chief anion ANS: chloride
most abundant protein in the plasma: ANS: albumin
what does albumin do in the plasma? ANS: provides critical osmotic/oncotic pressure. regulates flow of
water in and ouot of vascular space
what happens with less plasma proteins? ANS: edema, ascites, effusions, etc
second most abundant protein in plasma: ANS: immunoglobulins
diameter of RBC ANS: 7 micrometers
shape of RBC: ANS: biconcave, can fold
RBC contains: ANS: fluid and hemoglobin
life span of RBC: ANS: 120 days
do RBCs contain a nucleus or mitochondria? ANS: no
,Which form of iron binds oxygen? ANS: Ferrous form (Fe 2+)
which form of iron does not bind oxygen? ANS: ferric form (Fe 3+)
what happens to the RBC as they age? (3) ANS: rigid membranes, more fragile, less metabolically active
capillaries in the spleen can get as small as: ANS: 3 micrometers
Many RBCs self destruct in the : ANS: spleen
where are RBCs produced during early embryonic life? ANS: yolk sac
where are RBCs made during the middle trimester of pregnancy? ANS: liver is the main organ of RBC
production, followed by spleen and lymph nodes
where are RBCs made during the last trimester of pregnancy? ANS: bone marrow
the bone marrow of ALL bones produces RBCs up to _____ years ANS: 5
by 20 years old, where are RBCs produced? ANS: in membranous bones - vertebrae, sternum, ribs, ilium
RBCs start as which type of cell ANS: pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
as they replicate, pluripotential stem cells can do what two things? ANS: stay pluripotential stem cells or
become committed stem cells
,a pro-erythroblast divides several times to form a _______ which then divides and forms the
__________ ANS: basophil, reticulocyte
do basophils have hemoglobin? ANS: very little
do reticulocytes have hemoglobin? ANS: yes
reticulocytes squeeze out of the bone marrow into the vascular capillary through a process called
___________ ANS: diapedesis
do reticulocytes have organelles? ANS: yes
how long does it take a reticulocyte to mature into an RBC ANS: 1-2 days
RBCs are ___% hemoglobin ANS: 34%
growth and replication of RBCs are controlled by: ANS: proteins called growth inducers
most famous growth inducer: ANS: interleukin-3
formation of growth inducers is controlled by: ANS: factors outside of the bone marrow
most important regulator of RBC production is: ANS: tissue oxygenation
_____% of all erythropoietin is formed in the kidney ANS: 90%
, an increase in erythropoietin can occur how quickly? ANS: minutes to hours
how long does it take to see an increase in RBCs after an increase in erithropoietin? ANS: 5 days
Vitamin B-12 and folate are vital for which part of cell maturation/cell division ANS: DNA synthesis
what do RBCs look like with B12 and folate deficiency? ANS: macrocytes
characteristics of macrocytes: (4) ANS: flimsy membranes,
irregular oval shape,
short lives,
cant squeeze through capillaries without falling apart
where is intrinsic factor secreted from? ANS: parietal cells of the gastric mucosa
what does intrinsic factor do? ANS: combines with B12 and allows it to be absorbed, where it is then
stored in the liver and released based on the needs of the bone marrow
What is pernicious anemia? ANS: a decrease in intrinsic factor = no B12 absorption = impaired RBC
maturation
What do RBCs look like with a folic acid deficiency? ANS: megablastic/macrocytic
where is folic acid absorbed ANS: gut
what is sprue celiac? ANS: an intolerance to storage proteins like gluten. triggered by an immune-
mediated mechanism
