BIO 1500-NSU PROF. OZGA EXAM 4
STUDY GUIDE Q&A
trisomic - ANSWER-A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra
copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two.
tetraploid - ANSWER-four sets of chromosomes
Deletion - ANSWER-removes a chromosomal fragment
Duplication - ANSWER-repeats a segment
Inversion - ANSWER-reverse orientation of a segment within a chromosome
Translocation - ANSWER-moves a set segment from one chromosome to another
Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWER-A chromosomal disorder in which males have an
extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.
Turner Syndrome - ANSWER-A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an
X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X
chromosome is deleted.
these women are sterile, meaning they cannot have children
DNA structure - ANSWER-DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted
into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine
Nucleotide composition - ANSWER-nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate
group
semi-conservative model - ANSWER-in each new DNA double helix, one strand is
from the original molecule, and one strand is new
Adenine - ANSWER-Thymine
Cytosine - ANSWER-Guanine
origins of replication - ANSWER-Site where the replication of a DNA molecule
begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides
(the black dots in graph).
Bubble Fork - ANSWER-the separation part of parent strand
Helicase - ANSWER-An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the
replication forks.
, single strand binding proteins - ANSWER-bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping
them from re-pairing
Topoisomerase - ANSWER-Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to
relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
Primers - ANSWER-starting point for DNA synthesis, short structures of nucleotides
Primase - ANSWER-synthesizes RNA primer
DNA polymerase - ANSWER-An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA
molecule.
adds nucleotides to the 3' end of pre-existing chain
DNA ligase - ANSWER-A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the
covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing
chain.
dATP - ANSWER-supplies adenine to DNA and is similar to the ATP of energy
metabolism
Okazaki fragments - ANSWER-Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging
strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
leading strand - ANSWER-The new continuous complementary DNA strand
synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
lagging strand - ANSWER-A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates
by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from
the replication fork.
Antiparallel Elongation - ANSWER-DNA polymerases add nucleotides only to the
free 3' end of a growing strand; therefore, a new DNA strand can elongate only in the
5' to 3' direction
Pedigree - ANSWER-A chart or "family tree" that tracks which members of a family
have a particular trait
How do monohybrid and dihybrid punnett squares relate to pedigrees? - ANSWER-
Punett Square - ANSWER-A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles
that can result from a genetic cross
Epistasis - ANSWER-type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the
phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.
Pleiotropy - ANSWER-The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
Polygenic - ANSWER-trait controlled by two or more genes
ex: skin color
STUDY GUIDE Q&A
trisomic - ANSWER-A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra
copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two.
tetraploid - ANSWER-four sets of chromosomes
Deletion - ANSWER-removes a chromosomal fragment
Duplication - ANSWER-repeats a segment
Inversion - ANSWER-reverse orientation of a segment within a chromosome
Translocation - ANSWER-moves a set segment from one chromosome to another
Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWER-A chromosomal disorder in which males have an
extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.
Turner Syndrome - ANSWER-A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an
X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X
chromosome is deleted.
these women are sterile, meaning they cannot have children
DNA structure - ANSWER-DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted
into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine
Nucleotide composition - ANSWER-nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate
group
semi-conservative model - ANSWER-in each new DNA double helix, one strand is
from the original molecule, and one strand is new
Adenine - ANSWER-Thymine
Cytosine - ANSWER-Guanine
origins of replication - ANSWER-Site where the replication of a DNA molecule
begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides
(the black dots in graph).
Bubble Fork - ANSWER-the separation part of parent strand
Helicase - ANSWER-An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the
replication forks.
, single strand binding proteins - ANSWER-bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping
them from re-pairing
Topoisomerase - ANSWER-Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to
relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
Primers - ANSWER-starting point for DNA synthesis, short structures of nucleotides
Primase - ANSWER-synthesizes RNA primer
DNA polymerase - ANSWER-An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA
molecule.
adds nucleotides to the 3' end of pre-existing chain
DNA ligase - ANSWER-A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the
covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing
chain.
dATP - ANSWER-supplies adenine to DNA and is similar to the ATP of energy
metabolism
Okazaki fragments - ANSWER-Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging
strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
leading strand - ANSWER-The new continuous complementary DNA strand
synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
lagging strand - ANSWER-A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates
by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from
the replication fork.
Antiparallel Elongation - ANSWER-DNA polymerases add nucleotides only to the
free 3' end of a growing strand; therefore, a new DNA strand can elongate only in the
5' to 3' direction
Pedigree - ANSWER-A chart or "family tree" that tracks which members of a family
have a particular trait
How do monohybrid and dihybrid punnett squares relate to pedigrees? - ANSWER-
Punett Square - ANSWER-A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles
that can result from a genetic cross
Epistasis - ANSWER-type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the
phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.
Pleiotropy - ANSWER-The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
Polygenic - ANSWER-trait controlled by two or more genes
ex: skin color
