BIO 1500 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Evolution - ANSWER--a change in allele frequencies in a population
-natural selection is one of the mechanisms
gene - ANSWER--a segment of DNA w/ instructions for building a protein molecule
-specifies the sequence of amino acids that makeup the protein
alleles - ANSWER--different possible forms of the same gene
-differ in DNA sequence & in protein structure they code for
-may be many alleles for same gene
-any 1 person can have max of 2 different alleles
Natural Selection - ANSWER--phenotypes are variable in population
-offspring have similar phenotype as parents
-mutations occur randomly, but doesn't create new alleles
-natural selection not goal directed
Postulates of natural selection - ANSWER-1. individuals vary in their traits
2. some of the variation is heritable (can be passed to offspring)
3. more offspring are produced than survive to reproduce
4. survival & reproduction are non random; those w/ favorable traits reproduce most
& pass their genes on
-favorable traits become more common
population - ANSWER-group of organisms that breed w/ each other
phenotype - ANSWER-observable traits
fitness - ANSWER-ability to survive & reproduce in an environment
adaptations - ANSWER--traits that increase fitness of individuals with this trait
relative to others w/out it
-a trait produced by the process of natural selection
mechanisms of evolution - ANSWER--selection (natural, sexual, artificial)
-genetic drift
-gene flow
-mutation
directional selection - ANSWER--fitness increases/decreases with trait value
-shifts mean trait value
stabilizing selection - ANSWER--intermediate trait values have highest fitness
-ex: human birth rate
-mean value doesn't change
, -often the combo of 2 selective pressures (one for larger & one for smaller trait
values
Selection on body size - ANSWER--sexual selection: competition among males
favors large size
-selection for female fecundity (egg/offspring number): large size
-selection for early reproduction: small size
-limited resource availability: small size
-predation: large size in predator, small in pray
-locomotion: flight favors small size
-temp: cold favors large size in mammals, small in insects
dragon fly size - ANSWER--high O2 levels in carboniferous allowed them to grow big
-later in history predators constrained the max size
O2 levels in atmosphere - ANSWER-cyanobacteria and green algae chloroplasts
contributed.... through photosynthesis
oldest fossils - ANSWER-3.5-4 bya
1st insects - ANSWER-480 mya
1st dinosaurs - ANSWER-240 mya
dinosaurs go extinct - ANSWER-66 mya
1st homosapiens - ANSWER-200k ya
diffusion - ANSWER-mvmt of molecules from high to low concentration
-driven by Brownian (thermal) mvmts
each molecule during diffusion - ANSWER--moves randomly
-behavior unpredictable
-each individual molecule never stops moving
net movement of molecules in diffusion - ANSWER--from high to low conc.
-predictable
-stops when it reaches equlibrium
Photosynthesis - ANSWER--light energy is used to make carbs from CO2 and water
-takes place in chloroplasts
chloroplasts - ANSWER--contain the pigment chlorophyll
-chlorophyll absorbs red, blue, & violet light
step 1 of photosynthesis - ANSWER--light reactions
-ATP is synthesized, NADPH is generated
-water is split apart, releasing O2 as a by product
ATP - ANSWER--used to transport E around cells
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Evolution - ANSWER--a change in allele frequencies in a population
-natural selection is one of the mechanisms
gene - ANSWER--a segment of DNA w/ instructions for building a protein molecule
-specifies the sequence of amino acids that makeup the protein
alleles - ANSWER--different possible forms of the same gene
-differ in DNA sequence & in protein structure they code for
-may be many alleles for same gene
-any 1 person can have max of 2 different alleles
Natural Selection - ANSWER--phenotypes are variable in population
-offspring have similar phenotype as parents
-mutations occur randomly, but doesn't create new alleles
-natural selection not goal directed
Postulates of natural selection - ANSWER-1. individuals vary in their traits
2. some of the variation is heritable (can be passed to offspring)
3. more offspring are produced than survive to reproduce
4. survival & reproduction are non random; those w/ favorable traits reproduce most
& pass their genes on
-favorable traits become more common
population - ANSWER-group of organisms that breed w/ each other
phenotype - ANSWER-observable traits
fitness - ANSWER-ability to survive & reproduce in an environment
adaptations - ANSWER--traits that increase fitness of individuals with this trait
relative to others w/out it
-a trait produced by the process of natural selection
mechanisms of evolution - ANSWER--selection (natural, sexual, artificial)
-genetic drift
-gene flow
-mutation
directional selection - ANSWER--fitness increases/decreases with trait value
-shifts mean trait value
stabilizing selection - ANSWER--intermediate trait values have highest fitness
-ex: human birth rate
-mean value doesn't change
, -often the combo of 2 selective pressures (one for larger & one for smaller trait
values
Selection on body size - ANSWER--sexual selection: competition among males
favors large size
-selection for female fecundity (egg/offspring number): large size
-selection for early reproduction: small size
-limited resource availability: small size
-predation: large size in predator, small in pray
-locomotion: flight favors small size
-temp: cold favors large size in mammals, small in insects
dragon fly size - ANSWER--high O2 levels in carboniferous allowed them to grow big
-later in history predators constrained the max size
O2 levels in atmosphere - ANSWER-cyanobacteria and green algae chloroplasts
contributed.... through photosynthesis
oldest fossils - ANSWER-3.5-4 bya
1st insects - ANSWER-480 mya
1st dinosaurs - ANSWER-240 mya
dinosaurs go extinct - ANSWER-66 mya
1st homosapiens - ANSWER-200k ya
diffusion - ANSWER-mvmt of molecules from high to low concentration
-driven by Brownian (thermal) mvmts
each molecule during diffusion - ANSWER--moves randomly
-behavior unpredictable
-each individual molecule never stops moving
net movement of molecules in diffusion - ANSWER--from high to low conc.
-predictable
-stops when it reaches equlibrium
Photosynthesis - ANSWER--light energy is used to make carbs from CO2 and water
-takes place in chloroplasts
chloroplasts - ANSWER--contain the pigment chlorophyll
-chlorophyll absorbs red, blue, & violet light
step 1 of photosynthesis - ANSWER--light reactions
-ATP is synthesized, NADPH is generated
-water is split apart, releasing O2 as a by product
ATP - ANSWER--used to transport E around cells
