BIO 1500 FINAL EXAM #1 QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Compare visible light energy with the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum: how is it
similar, what makes it special to us? - ANSWER-visible light energy is the only
wavelengths that we can see: colors have just enough energy to cause receptors in
the back of the head to see
Describe the potential outcomes of light striking an object - ANSWER-refraction,
absorption, transmitted
Describe the importance of gated proteins - ANSWER-sometimes it allows
molecules to pass through
Distinguish between selective and gated proteins - ANSWER-selective proteins only
let certain ions in, gated is a time variation
Identify factors that influence the rate of diffusion and whether those factors increase
or decrease the rate - ANSWER-highest diffusion rates: high temp, large diffusion
area, steep concentration gradient
Identify the level of a question according to Bloom's Taxonomy - ANSWER-Creating:
putting information together in an innovative way, new or original work
evaluating: making judgements, justifying a stand or decision
analyzing: using the knowledge gained in new ways
understanding: explaining ideas or concepts
remembering: recalling facts and basic concepts
Identify several different selection pressures that could influence body size and
indicate the likely direction of phenotypic change in response to the pressure -
ANSWER--being larger helps kill prey (favors pred.)
-being smaller helps animals hide (favors prey)
-being smaller could help with travelling
-being smaller may be b/c of smaller diet
-cold temp: larger body
Describe the insect respiratory system - ANSWER-They have spiracles on their skin
that oxygen goes into and makes contact with a series of tracheas that deliver the
oxygen to the parts that need it
Recognize differences between human and insect respiratory systems - ANSWER-
humans use blood to transport oxygen, insects use tracheas
Recall the processes that lead to the Great Oxygen Event & how earth looked before
and after this event - ANSWER-the evolution of cyanobacteria
Assess the different outcomes of the oxygen revolution regarding their
consequences for life on earth and for earth's geology and atmosphere - ANSWER-
,(O2 reacted with minerals first) the free O2 reacted with methane in the atmosphere
and created the Ozone layer. Because of this, there is now excess O2 in the
atmosphere that was harmful to life on earth causing a mass extinction
-Today: anti-oxidants and photo-oxidation
Describe the relationships between the terms chromosome, gene, allele, and DNA -
ANSWER-Chromosome- is our DNA found in the nucleus of a cell
Genes are induvial sections of our DNA that code for traits
allele- different variation of genes
DNA- is our genetic make-up
Explain why one person can have a maximum of two different alleles of a gene -
ANSWER-we can only acquire two alleles because we get one allele from each
parent
Memorize the four postulates of natural selection. - ANSWER-1. individuals vary in
their traits
2. some traits must be hereditary
3. more produced than live to reproduce
4. natural selection is not random, the fittest live to survive and reproduce
Recall the definitions of Evolution, population, adaptation, and fitness - ANSWER-
Evolution- a change in gene variation over time
population- group of organisms of a single species that can interbreed and live in the
same time in the same environment
adaptation- process by which an animal or plant species becomes fitted to its
environment; it is the result of natural selection's acting upon heritable variation.
fitness- ability of an organism to pass on its genetic material to its offspring.
Categorize different energy forms as 'kinetic' or 'potential' - ANSWER-kinetic is the
active use of energy, potential is stored
Apply the First Law of Thermodynamics - ANSWER-Energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but it can change form
know what a respiratory surface is and how gases move across it - ANSWER-thin
walls. a moist inner surface. a huge, combined surface area. a rich blood supply-
each alveolus is sounded by capillaries.
Identify the traits shared by most respiratory systems - ANSWER-the main
mechanism to transport O2 to the cells: respiratory surface, thin cells, moist surface,
large surface area
Describe an effective experimental design to determine whether an environmental
variable imposes selection on a trait - ANSWER-make sure you have the last trial in
normal conditions to determine whether or not it is a genetic change or
environmental impact
Identify the differences among the different classes of organic molecules -
ANSWER-carbohydrates- provide energy to body thru glucose
, lipids- store energy; provide insolation from environment
proteins- transport, store, membrane-toxin or enzyme-hormones
nucleic acids - DNA, RNA,
Recall the building blocks of the classes of organic molecules - ANSWER-
carbohydrates- simple sugars (monosaccharides)
lipids- fatty acids
proteins- amino acids
nucleic acids- nucleotides
Identify the function of cellular respiration - ANSWER-the function of cellular
respiration is to produce ATP
• Memorize the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration - ANSWER-inputs- glucose
and O2
outputs- CO2, H2O and ATP
• Memorize the main steps of cellular respiration - ANSWER-glycolysis- glucose is
broken down into pyruvate ( 2 molecules of 3 carbons) which produces 2 ATP and @
NADH
pyruvate processing- pyruvate is broken down producing 2 molecules of CO2 and 2
NADH
Citric acid cycle 2 acetyl CoA turned into 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH and 4 CO2
electron transport chain- where a proton gradient is created. hydrogens are pumped
into the intermembrane space to store E, energy to get them there is from FADH and
NADH through the enzymes, then the Hydrogens are used to power the ATP
synthase
• Describe the electron transport chain - how it works and what it accomplishes -
ANSWER-proton gradient forms and H+ pushes thru ATP synthase, creating ATP-
formed from NADH and FADH2-electrons adopted by H20 (O2 is the last electron
acceptor)
In Cellular respiration, the electron donor (i.e. the substance where the electron
enters the ETC from] is ____ while in Photosynthesis, the electron donor is
________
In Cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor of the ETC is ______ while in
Photosynthesis the final acceptor is __________ - ANSWER-- NADH
-H20
-O2
-NADP
• Describe the role of the proton gradient and ATP synthase - ANSWER-12
hydrogens pushed through synthase to produce 4 ATP, pushing a P on ADP so
close that they form a bond and store energy
• Explain how fermentation differs from cellular respiration and the situations in which
it occurs - ANSWER-Fermentation occurs when there is not enough oxygen and
glycolysis pyruvate processing, no citric acid cycle because it requires O2. Glycolysis
is the only source of ATP
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Compare visible light energy with the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum: how is it
similar, what makes it special to us? - ANSWER-visible light energy is the only
wavelengths that we can see: colors have just enough energy to cause receptors in
the back of the head to see
Describe the potential outcomes of light striking an object - ANSWER-refraction,
absorption, transmitted
Describe the importance of gated proteins - ANSWER-sometimes it allows
molecules to pass through
Distinguish between selective and gated proteins - ANSWER-selective proteins only
let certain ions in, gated is a time variation
Identify factors that influence the rate of diffusion and whether those factors increase
or decrease the rate - ANSWER-highest diffusion rates: high temp, large diffusion
area, steep concentration gradient
Identify the level of a question according to Bloom's Taxonomy - ANSWER-Creating:
putting information together in an innovative way, new or original work
evaluating: making judgements, justifying a stand or decision
analyzing: using the knowledge gained in new ways
understanding: explaining ideas or concepts
remembering: recalling facts and basic concepts
Identify several different selection pressures that could influence body size and
indicate the likely direction of phenotypic change in response to the pressure -
ANSWER--being larger helps kill prey (favors pred.)
-being smaller helps animals hide (favors prey)
-being smaller could help with travelling
-being smaller may be b/c of smaller diet
-cold temp: larger body
Describe the insect respiratory system - ANSWER-They have spiracles on their skin
that oxygen goes into and makes contact with a series of tracheas that deliver the
oxygen to the parts that need it
Recognize differences between human and insect respiratory systems - ANSWER-
humans use blood to transport oxygen, insects use tracheas
Recall the processes that lead to the Great Oxygen Event & how earth looked before
and after this event - ANSWER-the evolution of cyanobacteria
Assess the different outcomes of the oxygen revolution regarding their
consequences for life on earth and for earth's geology and atmosphere - ANSWER-
,(O2 reacted with minerals first) the free O2 reacted with methane in the atmosphere
and created the Ozone layer. Because of this, there is now excess O2 in the
atmosphere that was harmful to life on earth causing a mass extinction
-Today: anti-oxidants and photo-oxidation
Describe the relationships between the terms chromosome, gene, allele, and DNA -
ANSWER-Chromosome- is our DNA found in the nucleus of a cell
Genes are induvial sections of our DNA that code for traits
allele- different variation of genes
DNA- is our genetic make-up
Explain why one person can have a maximum of two different alleles of a gene -
ANSWER-we can only acquire two alleles because we get one allele from each
parent
Memorize the four postulates of natural selection. - ANSWER-1. individuals vary in
their traits
2. some traits must be hereditary
3. more produced than live to reproduce
4. natural selection is not random, the fittest live to survive and reproduce
Recall the definitions of Evolution, population, adaptation, and fitness - ANSWER-
Evolution- a change in gene variation over time
population- group of organisms of a single species that can interbreed and live in the
same time in the same environment
adaptation- process by which an animal or plant species becomes fitted to its
environment; it is the result of natural selection's acting upon heritable variation.
fitness- ability of an organism to pass on its genetic material to its offspring.
Categorize different energy forms as 'kinetic' or 'potential' - ANSWER-kinetic is the
active use of energy, potential is stored
Apply the First Law of Thermodynamics - ANSWER-Energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but it can change form
know what a respiratory surface is and how gases move across it - ANSWER-thin
walls. a moist inner surface. a huge, combined surface area. a rich blood supply-
each alveolus is sounded by capillaries.
Identify the traits shared by most respiratory systems - ANSWER-the main
mechanism to transport O2 to the cells: respiratory surface, thin cells, moist surface,
large surface area
Describe an effective experimental design to determine whether an environmental
variable imposes selection on a trait - ANSWER-make sure you have the last trial in
normal conditions to determine whether or not it is a genetic change or
environmental impact
Identify the differences among the different classes of organic molecules -
ANSWER-carbohydrates- provide energy to body thru glucose
, lipids- store energy; provide insolation from environment
proteins- transport, store, membrane-toxin or enzyme-hormones
nucleic acids - DNA, RNA,
Recall the building blocks of the classes of organic molecules - ANSWER-
carbohydrates- simple sugars (monosaccharides)
lipids- fatty acids
proteins- amino acids
nucleic acids- nucleotides
Identify the function of cellular respiration - ANSWER-the function of cellular
respiration is to produce ATP
• Memorize the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration - ANSWER-inputs- glucose
and O2
outputs- CO2, H2O and ATP
• Memorize the main steps of cellular respiration - ANSWER-glycolysis- glucose is
broken down into pyruvate ( 2 molecules of 3 carbons) which produces 2 ATP and @
NADH
pyruvate processing- pyruvate is broken down producing 2 molecules of CO2 and 2
NADH
Citric acid cycle 2 acetyl CoA turned into 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH and 4 CO2
electron transport chain- where a proton gradient is created. hydrogens are pumped
into the intermembrane space to store E, energy to get them there is from FADH and
NADH through the enzymes, then the Hydrogens are used to power the ATP
synthase
• Describe the electron transport chain - how it works and what it accomplishes -
ANSWER-proton gradient forms and H+ pushes thru ATP synthase, creating ATP-
formed from NADH and FADH2-electrons adopted by H20 (O2 is the last electron
acceptor)
In Cellular respiration, the electron donor (i.e. the substance where the electron
enters the ETC from] is ____ while in Photosynthesis, the electron donor is
________
In Cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor of the ETC is ______ while in
Photosynthesis the final acceptor is __________ - ANSWER-- NADH
-H20
-O2
-NADP
• Describe the role of the proton gradient and ATP synthase - ANSWER-12
hydrogens pushed through synthase to produce 4 ATP, pushing a P on ADP so
close that they form a bond and store energy
• Explain how fermentation differs from cellular respiration and the situations in which
it occurs - ANSWER-Fermentation occurs when there is not enough oxygen and
glycolysis pyruvate processing, no citric acid cycle because it requires O2. Glycolysis
is the only source of ATP
