BIO 1500 EXAM #7 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What do viruses do to our ACE2? - ANSWER-compromises our ACE2, resulting in
tissue damage and more inflammation (too much ANG II)
What does the COVID genome consist of? - ANSWER-about 30,000 RNA bases that
constitute 29 different genes
What is an open reading frame? - ANSWER-a stretch of RNA that is translated all at
once
What are non-structural proteins? - ANSWER-proteins that are not represented in
the new virus particles
What are structural proteins? - ANSWER-proteins that are represented in the new
virus particles
How many structural protein genes does covid have? - ANSWER-4
How many non-structural protein genes does covid have? - ANSWER-25
What helps identify your RNA as your own? - ANSWER-a methylated cap
What are the hurdles a virus has to overcome to be able to move from host to host? -
ANSWER-1. access to new host's cells
2. utilize new host's cellular machinery
3. avoid new host's immune response
4. transmit easily among hosts
What does the H protein do? - ANSWER-it allows the virus to access cells (comes in
18 possible shapes)
What does the N protein do? - ANSWER-it allows the virus to exit cells (comes in 11
possible shapes)
How do new H and N combinations arise? - ANSWER-mutations and the shuffling of
genes in cells affected by multiple strains
What is included in the upper respiratory tract? - ANSWER-nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx
What is included in the lower respiratory tract? - ANSWER-trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are the two parts of the immune system? - ANSWER-innate and acquired
What is the immune system? - ANSWER-network of biological processes protecting
organisms against disease
, What is the innate immune system? - ANSWER-a complex process providing an
immediate response to detected pathogen
What are the steps of the innate immune system? - ANSWER-immune sensing,
activation of innate immune cells, inflammation, activation of acquired immune
system
What is immune sensing? - ANSWER-the detection of molecules typical of
pathogens or damaged cells and marking them
What are the innate immune cells? - ANSWER-leukocytes (and macrophages)
What do leukocytes do? - ANSWER-identify and kill pathogens through phagocytosis
and defend against parasites by secreting chemicals
What do natural killer cells do? - ANSWER-attack virus-infected or tumor cells
What does inflammation cause? - ANSWER-increase blood flow, swelling, redness,
heat, and fever
What cells does inflammation include? - ANSWER-interleukins, interferons and
recruits immune cells at the site of infection
What is the acquired immune system? - ANSWER-a remembered response to
specific pathogens
How long does the acquired immune system take to respond to a pathogen that is
new to the host? - ANSWER-4-6 days
What are the steps of the acquired immune system? - ANSWER-cells identify the
pathogen, macrophages digest the pathogen, TC cells kill infected host cells, BC
cells produce antibodies that attach to antigens
What genome does the corona virus have? - ANSWER-positive sense RNA
What are the typical hosts for the corona virus? - ANSWER-mammals and birds
What are the two routes of entry for a virus into a host cell? - ANSWER-endocytotic
pathway and receptor mediated fusion
What happens when a virus enters a cell via the endocytotic pathway? - ANSWER-
virus is taken into an endosome (membrane bound vesicle), virus fuses fuses with
endosome membrane, and empties its genome into the host
What allows the virus to fuse with the endosome membrane in endocytotic pathway
entry? - ANSWER-cathepsin (an enzyme) modifies spike proteins to allow fusion
with membrane
ANSWERS
What do viruses do to our ACE2? - ANSWER-compromises our ACE2, resulting in
tissue damage and more inflammation (too much ANG II)
What does the COVID genome consist of? - ANSWER-about 30,000 RNA bases that
constitute 29 different genes
What is an open reading frame? - ANSWER-a stretch of RNA that is translated all at
once
What are non-structural proteins? - ANSWER-proteins that are not represented in
the new virus particles
What are structural proteins? - ANSWER-proteins that are represented in the new
virus particles
How many structural protein genes does covid have? - ANSWER-4
How many non-structural protein genes does covid have? - ANSWER-25
What helps identify your RNA as your own? - ANSWER-a methylated cap
What are the hurdles a virus has to overcome to be able to move from host to host? -
ANSWER-1. access to new host's cells
2. utilize new host's cellular machinery
3. avoid new host's immune response
4. transmit easily among hosts
What does the H protein do? - ANSWER-it allows the virus to access cells (comes in
18 possible shapes)
What does the N protein do? - ANSWER-it allows the virus to exit cells (comes in 11
possible shapes)
How do new H and N combinations arise? - ANSWER-mutations and the shuffling of
genes in cells affected by multiple strains
What is included in the upper respiratory tract? - ANSWER-nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx
What is included in the lower respiratory tract? - ANSWER-trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are the two parts of the immune system? - ANSWER-innate and acquired
What is the immune system? - ANSWER-network of biological processes protecting
organisms against disease
, What is the innate immune system? - ANSWER-a complex process providing an
immediate response to detected pathogen
What are the steps of the innate immune system? - ANSWER-immune sensing,
activation of innate immune cells, inflammation, activation of acquired immune
system
What is immune sensing? - ANSWER-the detection of molecules typical of
pathogens or damaged cells and marking them
What are the innate immune cells? - ANSWER-leukocytes (and macrophages)
What do leukocytes do? - ANSWER-identify and kill pathogens through phagocytosis
and defend against parasites by secreting chemicals
What do natural killer cells do? - ANSWER-attack virus-infected or tumor cells
What does inflammation cause? - ANSWER-increase blood flow, swelling, redness,
heat, and fever
What cells does inflammation include? - ANSWER-interleukins, interferons and
recruits immune cells at the site of infection
What is the acquired immune system? - ANSWER-a remembered response to
specific pathogens
How long does the acquired immune system take to respond to a pathogen that is
new to the host? - ANSWER-4-6 days
What are the steps of the acquired immune system? - ANSWER-cells identify the
pathogen, macrophages digest the pathogen, TC cells kill infected host cells, BC
cells produce antibodies that attach to antigens
What genome does the corona virus have? - ANSWER-positive sense RNA
What are the typical hosts for the corona virus? - ANSWER-mammals and birds
What are the two routes of entry for a virus into a host cell? - ANSWER-endocytotic
pathway and receptor mediated fusion
What happens when a virus enters a cell via the endocytotic pathway? - ANSWER-
virus is taken into an endosome (membrane bound vesicle), virus fuses fuses with
endosome membrane, and empties its genome into the host
What allows the virus to fuse with the endosome membrane in endocytotic pathway
entry? - ANSWER-cathepsin (an enzyme) modifies spike proteins to allow fusion
with membrane
