BIO 1500 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Resin Duct - ANSWER-secrete resin that seals breaks in needles and protects the
plant from herbivores; found in the mesophyll; unique to conifers
Epidermis - ANSWER-dermal tissue that provides protection
Pine Stem Cross Section - ANSWER-Inside--> Outside
Pith, Secondary Xylem, Vascular Cambium, Secondary Phloem, Periderm; Resin
Ducts found in Periderm and Secondary Xylem
Periderm - ANSWER-outer bark; protects trunk from water loss, damage by fire, and
invasion by microorganisms
Secondary Xylem - ANSWER-has tracheids but lacks vessels
Vascular Cambium - ANSWER-found between secondary xylem and secondary
phloem; site of secondary growth
Secondary Phloem - ANSWER-made up of sieve cells and albuminous cells
Monoecious - ANSWER-when both male and female reproductive systems are found
on the same plant; most conifers
Staminate/ Pollen-Bearing Cone - ANSWER-Male cone; small, papery, and full of
pollen; form on the lower branches of the pine tree; make pollen grains (male
gametophyte)
Ovulate/ Seed-Bearing Cone - ANSWER-Female cone; form on the upper branches
of the same tree; larger than male cones and have woody scales; immature and
mature female cones
Formation of Male Gametophyte in Pines - ANSWER-Each scale of pollen-bearing
cone contains 2 microsporangia (2n)
Each microsporangium has many microspore mother cells (2n)
A microspore mother cell produces 4 microspores (n) by meiosis
Microspores split by mitosis to produce male gametophytes (n) called pollen grains
Immature Female Cone - ANSWER-produces female gametophytes; scales are
closed; takes one year to become a mature female cone (in which the scales are
open)
Formation of Female Gametophyte in Pines - ANSWER-Each scale has 2 ovules
(2n)
Each ovule contains 1 megasporangium (2n) where a single megaspore mother cell
(2n) is found
A megaspore mother cell produces 4 megaspores (n) by meiosis
,One Megaspore develops into a haploid female gametophyte (n)
Dominant Generation in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms - ANSWER-Sporophyte is
dominant over Gametophyte
Insectivorous Leaves - ANSWER-modified leaves that trap insects, but are still
photosynthetic; these plants lack nitrogen needed to make DNA, RNA, and proteins;
found on carnivorous plants (photoautotrophs) such as venus flytrap, sundew, and
pitcher plant
Asexual Reproduction - ANSWER-creates genetically identical organisms via mitosis
Vegetative Reproduction - ANSWER-when new plants arise from non-reproductive
structures, called vegetative parts
Vegetative Parts - ANSWER-Runners/Stolons (strawberries modified stems that are
above ground), Suckers, Adventitious Plantlets, and Rhizomes (modified stems
found below the ground, such as gingers)
Gymnosperms - ANSWER-plants with "naked seeds"; all lack flowers and fruits of
angiosperms; all have ovule exposed on a scale of female cone; produce cones
(modified shoots) with scales (modified leaves); evolved before angiosperms
Four Living Phyla of Gymnosperms - ANSWER-Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta,
Gnetophyta, and Ginkgophyta
Phylum Coniferophyta: Conifers - ANSWER-most common gymnosperms; pines,
spruces, firs, cedars, and others; found in colder and sometimes drier regions of the
world; sources of important products such as timber, paper, resin, and taxol (from
pacific yew and used to treat breast cancer)
Pine Leaves - ANSWER-long, needle-like leaves in clusters of 2-5 needles called
fascicles; compound
Spruce and Fir Leaves - ANSWER-short needle-like leaves, hardly spaced;
compound
Cedar and Juniper Leaves - ANSWER-small, scale-like leaves; compound
Evergreen Conifers - ANSWER-keep their leaves throughout the year and are
always green; most conifers
Deciduous Conifers - ANSWER-lose their leaves in the fall/ at the end of the growing
season; few conifers (e.g. cypress)
Pine Needle - ANSWER-Outside --> Inside
Cuticle, Epidermis with Sunken Stomata, Mesophyll (photosynthetic), Resin Ducts,
Phloem, Xylem
, Sunken Stomata - ANSWER-found in pine needles; buried deeper in the epidermis
than those of angiosperms
Endosperm in Gymnosperms - ANSWER-Not present in gymnosperms because they
do not have double fertilization, they just have fertilization
Female Gametophyte (Megagametophyte of Pines) - ANSWER-provides nutrients
for the embryo
Serotinous Cones - ANSWER-sealed shut by resin at the tips of the cone scales and
require high temperatures for them to open; dehydrated female cones
Modified Cones of Conifers - ANSWER-female cones of yews and junipers require
birds for them to open; juniper 'berries" have scales
Shatter Cones - ANSWER-shatter their scales to release their seeds; present in firs
Phylum Cycadophyta - ANSWER-Cycads; sporophytes look similar to palm trees
(angiosperms) but are gymnosperms; slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and
subtropical regions
Cycads - ANSWER-dioecious; have flagellated sperm cells (the largest of all
organisms, even larger than those of a blue whale)
Picture is a male cone
Dioecious - ANSWER-female and male reproductive parts are found on separate
plants
Phylum Gnetophyta - ANSWER-Gnetophytes; only gymnosperms with vessels
(along with tracheids) in their xylem; mostly dioecious; 3 genera = Welwitschia,
Ephedra, and Gnetum
Welwitschia - ANSWER-phylum gnetophyta; found in deserts
Ephedra - ANSWER-phylum gnetophyta; source of ephedrine (used for weight loss)
Gnetum - ANSWER-phylum gnetophyta; found in the tropics
Phylum Ginkgophyta - ANSWER-Ginkgophytes; only one loving species remains
(ginkgo biloba); deciduous; dioecious; have dichotomous venation; flagellated sperm
cells
Deciduous - ANSWER-lose their leaves in the fall
Dichotomous Venation - ANSWER-found on ginkgo leaves; each vein splits into 2
branches near the leaf margin
Ginkgo Leaves - ANSWER-have dichotomous venation and are simple (single,
undivided blade attached to a single petiole)
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Resin Duct - ANSWER-secrete resin that seals breaks in needles and protects the
plant from herbivores; found in the mesophyll; unique to conifers
Epidermis - ANSWER-dermal tissue that provides protection
Pine Stem Cross Section - ANSWER-Inside--> Outside
Pith, Secondary Xylem, Vascular Cambium, Secondary Phloem, Periderm; Resin
Ducts found in Periderm and Secondary Xylem
Periderm - ANSWER-outer bark; protects trunk from water loss, damage by fire, and
invasion by microorganisms
Secondary Xylem - ANSWER-has tracheids but lacks vessels
Vascular Cambium - ANSWER-found between secondary xylem and secondary
phloem; site of secondary growth
Secondary Phloem - ANSWER-made up of sieve cells and albuminous cells
Monoecious - ANSWER-when both male and female reproductive systems are found
on the same plant; most conifers
Staminate/ Pollen-Bearing Cone - ANSWER-Male cone; small, papery, and full of
pollen; form on the lower branches of the pine tree; make pollen grains (male
gametophyte)
Ovulate/ Seed-Bearing Cone - ANSWER-Female cone; form on the upper branches
of the same tree; larger than male cones and have woody scales; immature and
mature female cones
Formation of Male Gametophyte in Pines - ANSWER-Each scale of pollen-bearing
cone contains 2 microsporangia (2n)
Each microsporangium has many microspore mother cells (2n)
A microspore mother cell produces 4 microspores (n) by meiosis
Microspores split by mitosis to produce male gametophytes (n) called pollen grains
Immature Female Cone - ANSWER-produces female gametophytes; scales are
closed; takes one year to become a mature female cone (in which the scales are
open)
Formation of Female Gametophyte in Pines - ANSWER-Each scale has 2 ovules
(2n)
Each ovule contains 1 megasporangium (2n) where a single megaspore mother cell
(2n) is found
A megaspore mother cell produces 4 megaspores (n) by meiosis
,One Megaspore develops into a haploid female gametophyte (n)
Dominant Generation in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms - ANSWER-Sporophyte is
dominant over Gametophyte
Insectivorous Leaves - ANSWER-modified leaves that trap insects, but are still
photosynthetic; these plants lack nitrogen needed to make DNA, RNA, and proteins;
found on carnivorous plants (photoautotrophs) such as venus flytrap, sundew, and
pitcher plant
Asexual Reproduction - ANSWER-creates genetically identical organisms via mitosis
Vegetative Reproduction - ANSWER-when new plants arise from non-reproductive
structures, called vegetative parts
Vegetative Parts - ANSWER-Runners/Stolons (strawberries modified stems that are
above ground), Suckers, Adventitious Plantlets, and Rhizomes (modified stems
found below the ground, such as gingers)
Gymnosperms - ANSWER-plants with "naked seeds"; all lack flowers and fruits of
angiosperms; all have ovule exposed on a scale of female cone; produce cones
(modified shoots) with scales (modified leaves); evolved before angiosperms
Four Living Phyla of Gymnosperms - ANSWER-Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta,
Gnetophyta, and Ginkgophyta
Phylum Coniferophyta: Conifers - ANSWER-most common gymnosperms; pines,
spruces, firs, cedars, and others; found in colder and sometimes drier regions of the
world; sources of important products such as timber, paper, resin, and taxol (from
pacific yew and used to treat breast cancer)
Pine Leaves - ANSWER-long, needle-like leaves in clusters of 2-5 needles called
fascicles; compound
Spruce and Fir Leaves - ANSWER-short needle-like leaves, hardly spaced;
compound
Cedar and Juniper Leaves - ANSWER-small, scale-like leaves; compound
Evergreen Conifers - ANSWER-keep their leaves throughout the year and are
always green; most conifers
Deciduous Conifers - ANSWER-lose their leaves in the fall/ at the end of the growing
season; few conifers (e.g. cypress)
Pine Needle - ANSWER-Outside --> Inside
Cuticle, Epidermis with Sunken Stomata, Mesophyll (photosynthetic), Resin Ducts,
Phloem, Xylem
, Sunken Stomata - ANSWER-found in pine needles; buried deeper in the epidermis
than those of angiosperms
Endosperm in Gymnosperms - ANSWER-Not present in gymnosperms because they
do not have double fertilization, they just have fertilization
Female Gametophyte (Megagametophyte of Pines) - ANSWER-provides nutrients
for the embryo
Serotinous Cones - ANSWER-sealed shut by resin at the tips of the cone scales and
require high temperatures for them to open; dehydrated female cones
Modified Cones of Conifers - ANSWER-female cones of yews and junipers require
birds for them to open; juniper 'berries" have scales
Shatter Cones - ANSWER-shatter their scales to release their seeds; present in firs
Phylum Cycadophyta - ANSWER-Cycads; sporophytes look similar to palm trees
(angiosperms) but are gymnosperms; slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and
subtropical regions
Cycads - ANSWER-dioecious; have flagellated sperm cells (the largest of all
organisms, even larger than those of a blue whale)
Picture is a male cone
Dioecious - ANSWER-female and male reproductive parts are found on separate
plants
Phylum Gnetophyta - ANSWER-Gnetophytes; only gymnosperms with vessels
(along with tracheids) in their xylem; mostly dioecious; 3 genera = Welwitschia,
Ephedra, and Gnetum
Welwitschia - ANSWER-phylum gnetophyta; found in deserts
Ephedra - ANSWER-phylum gnetophyta; source of ephedrine (used for weight loss)
Gnetum - ANSWER-phylum gnetophyta; found in the tropics
Phylum Ginkgophyta - ANSWER-Ginkgophytes; only one loving species remains
(ginkgo biloba); deciduous; dioecious; have dichotomous venation; flagellated sperm
cells
Deciduous - ANSWER-lose their leaves in the fall
Dichotomous Venation - ANSWER-found on ginkgo leaves; each vein splits into 2
branches near the leaf margin
Ginkgo Leaves - ANSWER-have dichotomous venation and are simple (single,
undivided blade attached to a single petiole)
