BIO 1500 - EXAM #2 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS
made of cellulose for protection and structure; plant only - ANSWER-cell wall
contains genetic material - ANSWER-nucleus
moves molecules within cell - ANSWER-vesicles
contains cellular waste to isolate materials harmful to cell - ANSWER-vacuole
contains membrane bound organelles & can be unicellular or multicellular -
ANSWER-Eukaryote
do not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles; can be bacteria or
archaea - ANSWER-Prokaryote
what are the 4 postulates of natural selection? - ANSWER-1. individuals vary in their
traits
2. some of the variation is heritable
3. more offspring are produced than survive to reproduce
4. survival & reproduction are predictable; those with favorable traits reproduce most
and pass their genes to the next generation
what is the outcome of natural selection? - ANSWER-favorable alleles become more
common
ability to survive and reproduce in an environment; measured in the number of
offspring - ANSWER-fitness
trait that increases fitness of individual with this trait relative to others without it;
produced by natural selection - ANSWER-adaptation
a segment of DNA with instructions for building a protein molecule; specifies
sequence of amino acids that make up the protein; double helix 2 nm across -
ANSWER-gene
-any of the alternative forms of a gene that may be located at a different spots
-cells have two of these for each gene
-different possible forms of the same gene
-differ in DNA sequence and in protein structure that they code for - ANSWER-allele
-a change in allele frequencies in a population over time
-some alleles become more common relative to other alleles in the population -
ANSWER-evolution
group of organisms of the same species that breed with each other - ANSWER-
population
, when does evolution occur? - ANSWER--in populations, not individuals
how does evolution occur? - ANSWER-requires genetic variation to act on, which
comes from mutations that generate new alleles
what are mechanisms of evolution? - ANSWER--selection (natural, sexual, artificial)
-genetic drift
-gene flow
-mutation
what are some common misconceptions about natural selection and mutations? -
ANSWER--natural selection = most fundamental process in all biology
-all organisms were or are subject to natural selection
-simple & elegant mechanism but powerful
the random changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may
be transmitted to subsequent generations - ANSWER-mutation
-not random
-sorts among alleles but doesn't create new alleles
-predictable which individuals are most likely to survive
-not goal derived - ANSWER-natural selection
describe the relationship between chromosomes, genes, alleles, and DNA -
ANSWER--chromosomes are made from DNA
-genes are short sections of DNA
happened sometime between 3 - 2.3 billion years ago - ANSWER-Great
Oxygenation Event
what was life like before the Great Oxygenation Event? - ANSWER-all organisms
were heterotrophic prokaryotes & used organic material for energy
what evolved photosynthesis? - ANSWER-cyanobacteria and free O2 was produced
as a side effect
what were consequences of O2 accumulation in the atmosphere/oceans? -
ANSWER--minerals formed
-ozone layer formed as protection from UV light
-free O2 is toxic to cells...global mass extinction
-O2 reacted with methane removing it from the atmosphere
-some prokaryotes evolved cellular respiration
-later, eukaryotes with chloroplasts caused effective synthesis
-evolution of multicellular life
what caused the snowball ice age? - ANSWER-the free O2 removing methane from
the atmosphere
the pigment inside chloroplasts - ANSWER-chlorophyll
VERIFIED ANSWERS
made of cellulose for protection and structure; plant only - ANSWER-cell wall
contains genetic material - ANSWER-nucleus
moves molecules within cell - ANSWER-vesicles
contains cellular waste to isolate materials harmful to cell - ANSWER-vacuole
contains membrane bound organelles & can be unicellular or multicellular -
ANSWER-Eukaryote
do not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles; can be bacteria or
archaea - ANSWER-Prokaryote
what are the 4 postulates of natural selection? - ANSWER-1. individuals vary in their
traits
2. some of the variation is heritable
3. more offspring are produced than survive to reproduce
4. survival & reproduction are predictable; those with favorable traits reproduce most
and pass their genes to the next generation
what is the outcome of natural selection? - ANSWER-favorable alleles become more
common
ability to survive and reproduce in an environment; measured in the number of
offspring - ANSWER-fitness
trait that increases fitness of individual with this trait relative to others without it;
produced by natural selection - ANSWER-adaptation
a segment of DNA with instructions for building a protein molecule; specifies
sequence of amino acids that make up the protein; double helix 2 nm across -
ANSWER-gene
-any of the alternative forms of a gene that may be located at a different spots
-cells have two of these for each gene
-different possible forms of the same gene
-differ in DNA sequence and in protein structure that they code for - ANSWER-allele
-a change in allele frequencies in a population over time
-some alleles become more common relative to other alleles in the population -
ANSWER-evolution
group of organisms of the same species that breed with each other - ANSWER-
population
, when does evolution occur? - ANSWER--in populations, not individuals
how does evolution occur? - ANSWER-requires genetic variation to act on, which
comes from mutations that generate new alleles
what are mechanisms of evolution? - ANSWER--selection (natural, sexual, artificial)
-genetic drift
-gene flow
-mutation
what are some common misconceptions about natural selection and mutations? -
ANSWER--natural selection = most fundamental process in all biology
-all organisms were or are subject to natural selection
-simple & elegant mechanism but powerful
the random changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may
be transmitted to subsequent generations - ANSWER-mutation
-not random
-sorts among alleles but doesn't create new alleles
-predictable which individuals are most likely to survive
-not goal derived - ANSWER-natural selection
describe the relationship between chromosomes, genes, alleles, and DNA -
ANSWER--chromosomes are made from DNA
-genes are short sections of DNA
happened sometime between 3 - 2.3 billion years ago - ANSWER-Great
Oxygenation Event
what was life like before the Great Oxygenation Event? - ANSWER-all organisms
were heterotrophic prokaryotes & used organic material for energy
what evolved photosynthesis? - ANSWER-cyanobacteria and free O2 was produced
as a side effect
what were consequences of O2 accumulation in the atmosphere/oceans? -
ANSWER--minerals formed
-ozone layer formed as protection from UV light
-free O2 is toxic to cells...global mass extinction
-O2 reacted with methane removing it from the atmosphere
-some prokaryotes evolved cellular respiration
-later, eukaryotes with chloroplasts caused effective synthesis
-evolution of multicellular life
what caused the snowball ice age? - ANSWER-the free O2 removing methane from
the atmosphere
the pigment inside chloroplasts - ANSWER-chlorophyll
