Cardiovascular (exam 1) Questions with Correct Answers

Erythrocytes (RBC) - ANSWERSnormal= 4-5 million (measured with hematocrit & hemoglobin values) Low RBC = Anemia High RBC = polycythemia/Erythrocytosis Hematocrit - ANSWERS% of blood volume that is RBC 40% = normal <30% = no resistive exercise <25%= no exercise Hemoglobin - ANSWERSmolecule that carries oxygen to tissue 13-18(men)/12-16(women)g/dL = normal <10g/dL= no resistive exercise <8g/dL = no exercise Leukocytes (WBC) - ANSWERSnormal = 4,500 - 11,000 <5,000 OR >10,000 with fever = no exercise Low WBC = Leukopenia High WBC = Leukocytosis Thrombocytes (Platelets) - ANSWERSnormal = 150,000-400,000 <50,000 = PRE as tolerated (swimming/stationary bike) <20,000 = no exercise (ADL only) Low platelets = Thrombocytopenia High platelets = Thrombocytosis Potassium - ANSWERSnormal = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L if below 3.2(hypokalemia) or above 5.1(hyperkalemia) = no exercise due to risk of arrhythmia & cardiac arrest Sodium - ANSWERSnormal = 135-145 mEq/L Low NA = hyponatremia High NA = hypernatremia NA causes cells to shrink or swell, causes brain cell damage leading to coma or death. Calcium - ANSWERSnormal = 9-11 mg/dL Low Ca = Hypocalcemia High Ca = Hypercalcemia Ca levels cause elevation or depression of heart actions Blood Typing - ANSWERSAntigens = name tag ( A or B for RBCs) Antibodies = proteins produced by immune system that attach to specific antigen. Blood type-----------Antigens-----Antibodies A--------------------- A------------- Anti-B B--------------------- B------------- Anti-A AB------------------- A & B --------Neither O ---------------------Neither----- A & B Heart Tissues - ANSWERSEndocardium = inside lining Myocardium = muscular layer epicardium = outside lining pericardium = fluid filled sac surrounding heart Heart valves - ANSWERS*Atrioventricular valves = cause S1 sound* -Tricuspid valve = between RA & RV -Mitral(bicuspid) valve= between LA & LV *Semilunar valves = cause S2 sound* -Pulmonic valve = between RV & pulmonary artery -Aortic valve = between LV & Aorta Where to osculate Heart Valves? - ANSWERSTricuspid = sternal border of 4th left intercostal space Mitral = Midclavicular area of 5th left intercostal space pulmonic = sternal border of 2nd left intercostal space Aortic = sternal border of 2nd right intercostal space Heart murmurs - ANSWERSSystolic: between S1-S2 maybe indicates disease Dyastolic: Between S2-S1, INDICATES disease Cardiac functioning terminology & #'s - ANSWERSejection fraction = percentage of blood emptied from ventricles during systole: normal 55-75% End diastolic volume = 120mL End systolic volume = 50mL Stroke volume = 70mL Cardiac output (CO): blood pumped per unit of time 4-6L/min at rest up to 25L/Min with intense exercise Conduction System of heart stimulation - ANSWERSSA node= pacemaker, initiates contraction of both atria (located in wall of RA) AV node= initiates contraction of both Ventricle (located between RA & RV) Travel route: AV node -> Bundle of his -> R and L bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers Influence of ANS - ANSWERSmedulla oblongata: controls autonomic input Parasympathetic = decreased HR and force of contraction Sympathetic = Increased HR and force of contraction -Baroreceptors(pressure): monitor BP +increased BP stimulates parasympathetic to decrease HR +Decreased BP stimulates Sympathetic to increase HR -Chemoreceptors(chemical): monitor O2 & CO2 levels +Decreased O2 or increased CO2= increased HR and RR +Increased O2 leads to decreased HR and RR Electrocardiogram (EGG/EKG): waves - ANSWERSP wave = depolarization of atria QRS complex = depolarization of ventricles ST segment = delay before repolarization of ventricles T wave = repolarization of ventricles Electrocardiogram: rhythyms - ANSWERSCount QRS complexes in six second strip & multiply by 10 Normal Heart Rate (HR) = 60-100bpm Asystole(flat line) = 0bpm Bradycardia = HR < 60bpm Tachycardia = HR > 100bpm Arrhythmia = irregular rhythm, 3rd degree is fatal may be asymptomatic Atrial Arrhythmias - ANSWERS-Atrial flutter = single ectopic cause rapid depolarization of atria, Pwaves look identical (CO not compromised) -Atrial Fibrillation (A-fib)= multiple ectopic cause atrial twitching, no distinguishable Pwaves. Can compromise CO if HR is > 100 bmp Ventricular Arrhythmias - ANSWERS-Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) = response to stress, caffeine/nicotine or electrolyte imbalance. feels palpitation, compromises CO if frequent -Ventricular Tachycardia (V-tach) = 3 or more PVCs in a row, medical emergency b-cuz it leads to ventricular fibrillation -Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) = Multiple ectopic foci in ventricle cause twitching of ventricles. NO QRS complex distinguishable, NO CO, death in 4-6 minutes. Requires immediate defibrillation and CPR CVD: non modifiable risk factors - ANSWERSAge= male >45, females >55 Family history = male relative<55, female relative<65 Gender= Male Race= African, Mexican & native american High Cholesterol (modifiable) CVD factor - ANSWERSTotal= low risk < 200 < high risk HDL= low risk >60 or high risk < 35 LDL = low risk <160 or high risk >160 (>100 if other risk factors.