ATLS study cards for 2025 Rated A

Glasgow Coma Scale Chance fracture Transverse fracture through vertebra. In children usually associated with enterc disruption. Seen in motor vehicle accidents involving only lap belt. May be associated with retroperitoneal and Abdominal visceral injuries. Anterior hip dislocation Flexed, abducted, externally rotated. Burst fracture Associated with vertebral-axial compression injuries Posterior hip dislocation Flexed, aDDucted, internally rotated Anterior shoulder dislocation Squared off appearance Posterior shoulder dislocation Lock in internal rotation. Ankle dislocation Most are Externally rotated, with a prominent medial malleolus. FULL thickness (3rd degree) burn Dark or white and leathery. Translucent white as well. Painless and generally "dry" Does not blanch with pressure. Very little swelling of burned tissue. Principle Life saving measures for patients with burn injuries include -Establishing airway control -Stopping the burning. process -Intravenous access Factors that increase the risk for upper AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION in burns include: -Burns to the head and face -Burn size and depth -Burns inside the mouth Partial thickness burn Red remodeled appearance with associated swelling and blister formation. May have weeping or wet appearance and is painfully hypersensitive even to air current. Signs and symptoms and history that suggest INHALATION INJURY include: These patients should be intubated. Inhalation injury is an indication for transfer to a burn center. Rule of nines - adult The palm represents 1% of the body total surface area. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning and respective levels PaO2 does not reliably predict carbon monoxide poisoning because a CO partial pressure of only 1 mmm Hg results in a hemoglobin CO level of 40% or greater. Carbon monoxide has how many times greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen 240 times. It displaces the oxyhemoglobin desaturated curve to the LEFT. Two criteria required for the diagnosis of smoke inhalation injury -Exposure to a combustible agent -Signs of exposure to smoke in the lower airway, below the vocal cords, by bronchoscopy. Performing this action will help reduce neck and chest wall edema in patients with burn and inhalation injury. Elevation of the head and chest by 30 degrees. IV fluid administration formula for burn victims Indicated in burns involving over 20% of the body surface area. *(2-4 mL/kg of LR/NS) (weight in kg) (% area of burn); give 1/2 of this volume in first 8 hours. Remainder in over 16 hours. Large caliber, at least 15 gauge intravenous line should be introduced. Pitfalls for IV fluid requirements for burn victims. These patients require greater fluid requirements: ~immolation injury ~pediatric burn victims ~concomitant blunt or crush injuries. Basic rules regarding IV fluids administration in burn victims IV fluid Rate should not be based on the time of actual injury. In very small children, less than 10 kilograms, it may be necessary to add glucose to the IV fluids to avoid hypoglycemia. Any adjustment in IV fluid rate should be based on urine output. In an adult, urine output above 0.5 ml/ kilogram should result in reduction of IV fluid rate. Initial treatment of frostbite/ cold injuries Place injured part in circulating water and a constant 40 degrees centigrade until pink color and perfusion return, usually within 20 to 30 minutes. Antibiotics are not indicated empirically unless infection develops later. Persisted ACIDEMIA in burn victims may reflect... Cyanide poisoning. (Cyanide is a naturally occurring toxin that may be inhaled in a confined space fire). Hypothermia Severe hypothermia Core temperature of 36 degrees centigrade Temperature below 32 degrees centigrade Definition of frostbite. Freezing of tissue with intracellular ice crystal formation, microvascular occlusion, subsequent tissue anoxia. First degree frostbite Hyperemia and edema without skin necrosis Second-degree frostbite Large clear vesicle formation accompanies hyperemia and edema with partial thickness skin necrosis 3rd degree frostbite Full thickness and subcutaneous necrosis occurs, commonly with hemorrhage and vesicle formation. Although a compartment pressure systolic blood pressure is required to lose a pulse distal to in extremity burn, a pressure of what was in the compartment may lead to muscle necrosis 30 mm Hg. If a pressure of greater than 30 mm Hg in a burned extremity is present, eschatotomy is indicated. Difference between fasciotomy and eschatotomy Compartment syndrome is also present with circumferential chest and abdominal burns, which lead to increased peak inspiratory pressures. Eschatotomy in circumferential chest and abdominal burns. We are generally not needed before the first 6 hours after a burn. Gastric tube placement in burn victims. Place of burn involves more than 20% of total BSA. Alkali burns to the eyes require how many hours of continuous irrigation 8 hours. Electrical burns. Can cause thrombosis and entry to nerves, and digits are especially prone to injury. Patients with electrical injuries frequently require fasciotomies because of the degree of deep tissue injury and should be transferred to a burn center. Immediate ELECTRICAL burn treatment measures. Attention to airway and breathing, IV line placement, ECG monitoring, and placement of an indwelling Foley catheter. Rhabdomyolysis and subsequent metabolic acidosis are common complications. Criteria for transfer of a burn victim to a burn center. Estimating WEIGHT in kilograms for a child (2× AGE) + 10 Infant blood volume estimate 80 ml/kg Child blood volume estimate 70 ml/kg. IO needle size: Infant Child 18 gauge 15 gauge Packed red blood cell volume transfusion for a child 10 mL/ kilogram Pediatric verbal score Impacted fractures Demonstrate no false motion of the humorous when the shoulder is rotated gently from a flexed elbow. Nonimpacted Fractures Generally experience pain on movement of the arm. Generally require hospitalization for orthopedic consultation and often operation Fundal height in pregnancy The amniotic fluid may cause amniotic fluid EMBOLISM and DIC following trauma if the fluid gains access to maternal intravascular space. Physiologic changes in pregnancy 1.Physiologic changes in pregnancysmall increase in rent till volume resulting in a decrease in hematocrit. 2. Elevation and WBC as high as 25,000. 3. Mild elevation in clotting factors. Bleeding and clotting times are unchanged, however. 4. Arterial pH 7.40-7.45 5. PaCO2: 25-30mmHg 6. Bicarbonate space 17-22 (Compensatory metabolic Acidosis). A resting PaCO2 of 35 to 40 mm in the setting of pregnancy may represent impending respiratory failure. Normal PaCO2 for a pregnant woman is between 25 to 30 mmHg Kleinhauer-Betke test Maternal blood smear test which allows detection of fetal RBCs in the maternal circulation, indicates fetomaternal hemorrhage. Indication for Rh immunoglobulin therapy. Drugs to avoid in hypovolemia, head injured and intoxicated patients. Benzodiazepines, fentanyl propofol, ketamine Initial Assessment components of seriously injured patient Primary survey 1. Airway maintenance with cervical spine protection 2. Breathing and ventilation 3. Circulation & hemorrhage control 4. Disability: neurological status 5. Environment/Exposure: