NURS 6501-ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
How are cells specialized? - CORRECT ANSWER -through the process of differentiation or
maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - CORRECT ANSWER -movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - CORRECT ANSWER -the plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - CORRECT ANSWER -Cellular injury causing
cellular self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWER -the largest membrane-
bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are
cell division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - CORRECT ANSWER -an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space
between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - CORRECT ANSWER -a
network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It
specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the
organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWER -a network of smooth
membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for
processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
,What are lysosomes and what do they do? - CORRECT ANSWER -saclike structures that originate
from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for
digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and
carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - CORRECT ANSWER -involved in the production and breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - CORRECT ANSWER -The major workhorses of the cell, if
misfolded they can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER -. Mitochondria contain the
metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - CORRECT ANSWER -the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal
skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin
filaments (microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER -encloses the cell and, by controlling the
movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - CORRECT ANSWER -The transfer of molecular signals from the
exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER -protein
homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of
ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems.
Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
, What do protein receptors do? - CORRECT ANSWER -on the plasma membrane, enable the cell
to interact with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - CORRECT ANSWER -(1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell
junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWER -(1) fibrous
structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and
hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - CORRECT ANSWER -(1) they form protein channels (gap
junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct
physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - CORRECT ANSWER -contact-dependent, paracrine,
hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? - CORRECT ANSWER -Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active
transport.
What is anabolism? - CORRECT ANSWER -energy-using process of metabolism
What is catabolism? - CORRECT ANSWER -the energy-releasing process of metabolism
What is passive transport? - CORRECT ANSWER -The movement of materials across the cell
membrane without using cellular energy, water and small electrically uncharged molecules,
done through osmosis
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026
How are cells specialized? - CORRECT ANSWER -through the process of differentiation or
maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - CORRECT ANSWER -movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - CORRECT ANSWER -the plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - CORRECT ANSWER -Cellular injury causing
cellular self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWER -the largest membrane-
bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are
cell division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - CORRECT ANSWER -an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space
between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - CORRECT ANSWER -a
network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It
specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the
organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWER -a network of smooth
membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for
processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
,What are lysosomes and what do they do? - CORRECT ANSWER -saclike structures that originate
from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for
digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and
carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - CORRECT ANSWER -involved in the production and breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - CORRECT ANSWER -The major workhorses of the cell, if
misfolded they can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER -. Mitochondria contain the
metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - CORRECT ANSWER -the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal
skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin
filaments (microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER -encloses the cell and, by controlling the
movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - CORRECT ANSWER -The transfer of molecular signals from the
exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER -protein
homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of
ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems.
Malfunction of these systems is associated with disease.
, What do protein receptors do? - CORRECT ANSWER -on the plasma membrane, enable the cell
to interact with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - CORRECT ANSWER -(1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell
junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWER -(1) fibrous
structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and
hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - CORRECT ANSWER -(1) they form protein channels (gap
junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct
physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? - CORRECT ANSWER -contact-dependent, paracrine,
hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? - CORRECT ANSWER -Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active
transport.
What is anabolism? - CORRECT ANSWER -energy-using process of metabolism
What is catabolism? - CORRECT ANSWER -the energy-releasing process of metabolism
What is passive transport? - CORRECT ANSWER -The movement of materials across the cell
membrane without using cellular energy, water and small electrically uncharged molecules,
done through osmosis
