PSCH 242 UIC Exam 3 Solved 100%
Correct A+ Pass
Level of Constraint - Answer ✔✔- How much control the researcher has over the design
and progression of the study
Archival Study - Answer ✔✔- A study in which data is collected from a variety of
historical records and pre-existing sources.
Archival Study Advantages - Answer ✔✔- Can often rely on huge data sets, and there is
no researcher influence risk.
Archival Study Limitations - Answer ✔✔- There are alternatives present that can explain
hypotheses in a variety of cases and few ways to amend this. Combinations of statistics
could also be used to limit this issue, such as baseball attendance and weather to limit
bias. Additionally, sources are not always reliable, and there is no control over data
collection.
Naturalistic Observation - Answer ✔✔- Observing and recording behavior in naturally
occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Naturalistic Observation Advantages - Answer ✔✔- realistic picture of behavior, actions
are pure.
Naturalistic Observation Limitations - Answer ✔✔- Limited scope of observation, reliable
and valid measures are very difficult to create.
General Limitations of Low-Constraint Methods - Answer ✔✔- Limited generalizability,
limited replicability, lot of room for experimenter (confirmation) bias, very limited validity
of measure at times, mistaken causality.
Differences between Correlational lower methods of research - Answer ✔✔- Higher
levels of constraint, narrower focus, more standardized procedures, control over when
and how variables are measured.
Differences between Differential and lower methods of research - Answer ✔✔-
Narrower focus, standardized procedures, control over how and when variables are
measured, and *additional* control over Confounding Variables.
Problem Statements in Correlational Research - Answer ✔✔- Always contain at least
two variables. "Is there a relationship between variable X and variable Y?"
, Problem Statements in Differential Research - Answer ✔✔- "Does group A differ from
group B on variable Y (the dependent variable)?"
Differences Between Correlational and Differential Studies - Answer ✔✔- Correlational
observes a relationship between two variables while differential observes a relationship
between two variables based on two or more pre-established groups.
Confounding Variables - Answer ✔✔- Variables that vary along with the independent
variable. A variable that is likely to have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
How to deal with confounds in Correlational Research - Answer ✔✔- Statistically control
for effects of possible confounding variables
How to Deal with Confounds in Differential Research - Answer ✔✔- Select appropriate
comparison groups. Goal: "all else equal."
Limitations of Correlational Research - Answer ✔✔- Cannot draw conclusions about
causality. Relies exclusively on measured variables.
Limitations of Differential Research - Answer ✔✔- Cannot draw conclusions about
causality. Relies exclusively on measured variables, though there is more control as
they may be separated by characteristics.
Operational Definition - Answer ✔✔- The procedure used to measure and/or manipulate
variables.
Research Hypothesis - Answer ✔✔- The hypothesis that the variables under
investigation are related in the population - that the observed effect based on sample
data is true in the population.
Logic behind testing a research hypothesis - Answer ✔✔- The research hypothesis may
not be proven correct, but support for it can be found by proving it possible (e.g.,
proving the null hypothesis false, and alternative explanations can be ruled out.)
Null Hypothesis - Answer ✔✔- the hypothesis that there is no significant difference
between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or
experimental error.
Possible Alternative Explanations (Confounding Variables) - Answer ✔✔- The
"hypothesis" that something other than the independent variable caused the dependent
variable. Difficult to perfectly rule out, but lends credibility to the research hypothesis if
ruled out.
Correct A+ Pass
Level of Constraint - Answer ✔✔- How much control the researcher has over the design
and progression of the study
Archival Study - Answer ✔✔- A study in which data is collected from a variety of
historical records and pre-existing sources.
Archival Study Advantages - Answer ✔✔- Can often rely on huge data sets, and there is
no researcher influence risk.
Archival Study Limitations - Answer ✔✔- There are alternatives present that can explain
hypotheses in a variety of cases and few ways to amend this. Combinations of statistics
could also be used to limit this issue, such as baseball attendance and weather to limit
bias. Additionally, sources are not always reliable, and there is no control over data
collection.
Naturalistic Observation - Answer ✔✔- Observing and recording behavior in naturally
occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Naturalistic Observation Advantages - Answer ✔✔- realistic picture of behavior, actions
are pure.
Naturalistic Observation Limitations - Answer ✔✔- Limited scope of observation, reliable
and valid measures are very difficult to create.
General Limitations of Low-Constraint Methods - Answer ✔✔- Limited generalizability,
limited replicability, lot of room for experimenter (confirmation) bias, very limited validity
of measure at times, mistaken causality.
Differences between Correlational lower methods of research - Answer ✔✔- Higher
levels of constraint, narrower focus, more standardized procedures, control over when
and how variables are measured.
Differences between Differential and lower methods of research - Answer ✔✔-
Narrower focus, standardized procedures, control over how and when variables are
measured, and *additional* control over Confounding Variables.
Problem Statements in Correlational Research - Answer ✔✔- Always contain at least
two variables. "Is there a relationship between variable X and variable Y?"
, Problem Statements in Differential Research - Answer ✔✔- "Does group A differ from
group B on variable Y (the dependent variable)?"
Differences Between Correlational and Differential Studies - Answer ✔✔- Correlational
observes a relationship between two variables while differential observes a relationship
between two variables based on two or more pre-established groups.
Confounding Variables - Answer ✔✔- Variables that vary along with the independent
variable. A variable that is likely to have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable.
How to deal with confounds in Correlational Research - Answer ✔✔- Statistically control
for effects of possible confounding variables
How to Deal with Confounds in Differential Research - Answer ✔✔- Select appropriate
comparison groups. Goal: "all else equal."
Limitations of Correlational Research - Answer ✔✔- Cannot draw conclusions about
causality. Relies exclusively on measured variables.
Limitations of Differential Research - Answer ✔✔- Cannot draw conclusions about
causality. Relies exclusively on measured variables, though there is more control as
they may be separated by characteristics.
Operational Definition - Answer ✔✔- The procedure used to measure and/or manipulate
variables.
Research Hypothesis - Answer ✔✔- The hypothesis that the variables under
investigation are related in the population - that the observed effect based on sample
data is true in the population.
Logic behind testing a research hypothesis - Answer ✔✔- The research hypothesis may
not be proven correct, but support for it can be found by proving it possible (e.g.,
proving the null hypothesis false, and alternative explanations can be ruled out.)
Null Hypothesis - Answer ✔✔- the hypothesis that there is no significant difference
between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or
experimental error.
Possible Alternative Explanations (Confounding Variables) - Answer ✔✔- The
"hypothesis" that something other than the independent variable caused the dependent
variable. Difficult to perfectly rule out, but lends credibility to the research hypothesis if
ruled out.
