MCPHS A&P 1 - Exam 1
-Blasts - ANS-Create the matrix
-Clasts - ANS-Break the matrix down for remodeling
-Cytes - ANS-Maintain the matrix
7-dehydrocholesterol - ANS-Converts to cholecalciferol when exposed to UV radiation;
cholecalciferol released to blood and modified in the liver and kidneys to form calcitriol (active
form of vitamin D)
Abdomen (front of body) - ANS-Abdominal (abdomen), umbilical (navel)
Abdominopelvic Cavity - ANS-Abdominal (digestive organs; stomach, intestines, liver, spleen)
and pelvic (urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive organs)
Accessory Skin Structure: Hair - ANS-Found everywhere except palms, soles, lips, nipples,
parts of external genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes; has a shaft and root; 3
concentric layers: medulla, cortex, and cuticle
Accessory Skin Structure: Nails - ANS-Grow continuously unlike hair (fingernails grow faster
than toenails at about 0.5-1.2 mm/day); has a nail body, eponychium/cuticle, hyponychium;
matrix/nail bed; and nail root
Accessory Skin Structures: Glands - ANS-Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals
that control many of our bodily functions; Includes sebaceous, sweat (sudoriferous), eccrine
(merocrine), apocrine, ceruminous, and mammary glands
Acid - ANS-A proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions
Acidic - ANS-A greater [ ] of hydrogen ions
Acinar/Alveolar Duct - ANS-Sac-like structure
Actin Filaments (Microfilaments) - ANS-Structure support for microvilli, contractility, and
movement
Activation Energy - ANS-Minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction
Active Membrane Transport - ANS-Requires ATP; substances can be moved against their
concentration gradient, allowing the substance to accumulate on one side of the plasma
membrane; rate of transportation depends on concentration of substrate and concentration of
ATP (ex: Na+/K+ pump)
Active Sites - ANS-3D shape where reactants attach; lock-and-key and induced fit model
Active Transport - ANS-Active transport and secondary active transport
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - ANS-Result plus oxygen of removing the third phosphate from
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ANS-Energy currency of the body; provides energy for other
chemical reactions such as anabolism or drives cell processes such as muscle contraction
Adhesion Belt - ANS-Compose of glycoproteins that act as a weak glue to hold cells together;
found just below tight junctions
Adhesive molecules - ANS-Hold proteoglycan aggregates together; chondronectin in cartilage,
osteonectin in bone, and fibronectin in fibrous connective tissue
, Adipose or Fat Cells (Adipocytes) - ANS-Common in some tissue (dermis of skin); rare in some
(cartilage)
Adipose Tissue - ANS-Predominant cells are adipocytes; yellow (white) or brown
Albinoism - ANS-Deficiency or absence of pigment; production determined by genetics,
hormones, exposure to light
Alkaline (Basic) - ANS-A greater [ ] of hydroxide ions
Amino Acids - ANS-Building blocks of protein
Anabolism (Synthesis Reaction) - ANS-Chemical bonds are made
Anabolosim - ANS-Collective term for synthesis reactions in body
Anaphase - ANS-Spindles separate the chromatids, cytokinesis begins
Anatomical Position - ANS-Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
Anatomy - ANS-Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
Anions - ANS-Are negatively charged ions
Anterior (Ventral) vs Posterior (Dorsal) - ANS-Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back
Antiporters - ANS-Move two ions or molecules in opposite directions at the same time
Apocrine Glands - ANS-Active at puberty; compound coiled tubular, usually open into hair
follicles; superficial opening of sebaceous gland; secretion of organic compounds that are
odorless, but when acted upon by bacteria, may become odiferous; found in axillae (external
labia, scrotum) and around anus
Apocrine Secretion - ANS-Pinched of fragments of gland cells containing secretory products
pinched off the cell
Aquaporins - ANS-Water channels
Areolar Connective Tissue - ANS-Loose packing material of most organs and tissues (glands
muscles and nerves); aka stroma; attaches skin to underlying structures; contains collagen,
reticular, elastic fibers, and all 5 types of cells, often seen in association with other types of CT
like reticular tissues and fat; cells include fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes, adipose cells and
macrophages
Arrector Pili - ANS-Type of smooth muscle; muscular contraction causes hair to "stand on end";
skin pushes up by movement of hair follicle
Atom - ANS-Smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element;
composed of subatomic particles
Atomic Mass - ANS-Average mass of normally occurring isotopes
Equal to the number of protons in each atom, the atomic number ANS ATP-Powered Pumps -
ANS-Require ATP; the use of energy allows the cell to accumulate substances; rate of transport
depends on concentration of substrate and on concentration of ATP.
Autopsy - ANS-Examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death
Avagrado's Number - ANS-6.022 X 10^23 which represents the number of particles in a mole
Axon - ANS-Cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body; usually only one per neuron
Any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions is considered a base. Biomedical
Research - ANS-Shared characteristics between living things drive research
Biopsy - ANS-Removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
Blood - ANS-Is a mixture, solution, and colloid
, Brown Adipose Tissue - ANS-Found only in specific areas of the body (axillae, neck, and near
kidneys); cells are polygonal in shape, have a considerable volume of cytoplasm, and contain
multiple lipid droplets of varying size; nuclei are round and almost centrally located
Buffer - ANS-A solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and bases components
occur in similar concentrations
Burn - ANS-Partial thickness (1st and 2nd degree); full thickness (3rd degree); fourth degree
burns affect deeper structured
Callus - ANS-Increase in the number of layers in Stratum Corneum; when this occurs over a
bony prominence, a corn will form
Carbohydrates - ANS-Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; energy source and
structure; divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) - ANS-Produced during the catabolism of organic compounds; metabolic
waste product; combines w/ H₂O in plasms and forms H+ thus affecting acid-base balance
Cardiac Muscle - ANS-Muscle of the heart; striated and involuntary; cylindrical w/ single
centrally located nucleus connected by undercalculated disks with gap junctions
Cardiovascular Physiology - ANS-The heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular System - ANS-Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Cardiovascular System Functions - ANS-Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and
hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and regulation of body
temperature
Carotene - ANS-Yellow pigment from vegetables; accumulates in Stratum Corneum, in adipose
cells of dermis, and in subcutaneous tissue
Carrier Proteins - ANS-Also called transporters; integral proteins move ions from one side of a
membrane to the other; have specific binding sites; protein changes shape to transport ions or
molecules; resume original shape after transport; includes uniporters, symporters, and
antiporters
Catabolism - ANS-Collective term for decomposition reactions in the body
Catabolism (Decomposition Reaction) - ANS-Chemical bonds are broken
Catalyst - ANS-Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being
permanently changed or depleted
Cations - ANS-Are positive charged ions
Cell Body - ANS-Contains nucleus
Cell Connections - ANS-Found on lateral and basal surfaces of cells; form permeability layer,
bind cells together, and provide mechanism for intercellular communication; includes
desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, tight junctions, adhesion belt, and gap junctions
Cell Cycle - ANS-The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo; includes
interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Cell Division - ANS-Interphase, prophase, and cytokinesis
Cell Functions - ANS-Cell metabolism and energy use; synthesis of molecules; communication
(cell produce and receive electrical and chemical signals); reproduction and inheritance (each
cell contains DNA, some cells are specialized to gametes for exchange during sexual
intercourse)
Cell Level - ANS-Structural and functional unit of living organisms
Cell Physiology - ANS-Exams processes in cells
-Blasts - ANS-Create the matrix
-Clasts - ANS-Break the matrix down for remodeling
-Cytes - ANS-Maintain the matrix
7-dehydrocholesterol - ANS-Converts to cholecalciferol when exposed to UV radiation;
cholecalciferol released to blood and modified in the liver and kidneys to form calcitriol (active
form of vitamin D)
Abdomen (front of body) - ANS-Abdominal (abdomen), umbilical (navel)
Abdominopelvic Cavity - ANS-Abdominal (digestive organs; stomach, intestines, liver, spleen)
and pelvic (urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive organs)
Accessory Skin Structure: Hair - ANS-Found everywhere except palms, soles, lips, nipples,
parts of external genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes; has a shaft and root; 3
concentric layers: medulla, cortex, and cuticle
Accessory Skin Structure: Nails - ANS-Grow continuously unlike hair (fingernails grow faster
than toenails at about 0.5-1.2 mm/day); has a nail body, eponychium/cuticle, hyponychium;
matrix/nail bed; and nail root
Accessory Skin Structures: Glands - ANS-Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals
that control many of our bodily functions; Includes sebaceous, sweat (sudoriferous), eccrine
(merocrine), apocrine, ceruminous, and mammary glands
Acid - ANS-A proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions
Acidic - ANS-A greater [ ] of hydrogen ions
Acinar/Alveolar Duct - ANS-Sac-like structure
Actin Filaments (Microfilaments) - ANS-Structure support for microvilli, contractility, and
movement
Activation Energy - ANS-Minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction
Active Membrane Transport - ANS-Requires ATP; substances can be moved against their
concentration gradient, allowing the substance to accumulate on one side of the plasma
membrane; rate of transportation depends on concentration of substrate and concentration of
ATP (ex: Na+/K+ pump)
Active Sites - ANS-3D shape where reactants attach; lock-and-key and induced fit model
Active Transport - ANS-Active transport and secondary active transport
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - ANS-Result plus oxygen of removing the third phosphate from
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ANS-Energy currency of the body; provides energy for other
chemical reactions such as anabolism or drives cell processes such as muscle contraction
Adhesion Belt - ANS-Compose of glycoproteins that act as a weak glue to hold cells together;
found just below tight junctions
Adhesive molecules - ANS-Hold proteoglycan aggregates together; chondronectin in cartilage,
osteonectin in bone, and fibronectin in fibrous connective tissue
, Adipose or Fat Cells (Adipocytes) - ANS-Common in some tissue (dermis of skin); rare in some
(cartilage)
Adipose Tissue - ANS-Predominant cells are adipocytes; yellow (white) or brown
Albinoism - ANS-Deficiency or absence of pigment; production determined by genetics,
hormones, exposure to light
Alkaline (Basic) - ANS-A greater [ ] of hydroxide ions
Amino Acids - ANS-Building blocks of protein
Anabolism (Synthesis Reaction) - ANS-Chemical bonds are made
Anabolosim - ANS-Collective term for synthesis reactions in body
Anaphase - ANS-Spindles separate the chromatids, cytokinesis begins
Anatomical Position - ANS-Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
Anatomy - ANS-Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
Anions - ANS-Are negatively charged ions
Anterior (Ventral) vs Posterior (Dorsal) - ANS-Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back
Antiporters - ANS-Move two ions or molecules in opposite directions at the same time
Apocrine Glands - ANS-Active at puberty; compound coiled tubular, usually open into hair
follicles; superficial opening of sebaceous gland; secretion of organic compounds that are
odorless, but when acted upon by bacteria, may become odiferous; found in axillae (external
labia, scrotum) and around anus
Apocrine Secretion - ANS-Pinched of fragments of gland cells containing secretory products
pinched off the cell
Aquaporins - ANS-Water channels
Areolar Connective Tissue - ANS-Loose packing material of most organs and tissues (glands
muscles and nerves); aka stroma; attaches skin to underlying structures; contains collagen,
reticular, elastic fibers, and all 5 types of cells, often seen in association with other types of CT
like reticular tissues and fat; cells include fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphocytes, adipose cells and
macrophages
Arrector Pili - ANS-Type of smooth muscle; muscular contraction causes hair to "stand on end";
skin pushes up by movement of hair follicle
Atom - ANS-Smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element;
composed of subatomic particles
Atomic Mass - ANS-Average mass of normally occurring isotopes
Equal to the number of protons in each atom, the atomic number ANS ATP-Powered Pumps -
ANS-Require ATP; the use of energy allows the cell to accumulate substances; rate of transport
depends on concentration of substrate and on concentration of ATP.
Autopsy - ANS-Examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death
Avagrado's Number - ANS-6.022 X 10^23 which represents the number of particles in a mole
Axon - ANS-Cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body; usually only one per neuron
Any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions is considered a base. Biomedical
Research - ANS-Shared characteristics between living things drive research
Biopsy - ANS-Removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
Blood - ANS-Is a mixture, solution, and colloid
, Brown Adipose Tissue - ANS-Found only in specific areas of the body (axillae, neck, and near
kidneys); cells are polygonal in shape, have a considerable volume of cytoplasm, and contain
multiple lipid droplets of varying size; nuclei are round and almost centrally located
Buffer - ANS-A solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and bases components
occur in similar concentrations
Burn - ANS-Partial thickness (1st and 2nd degree); full thickness (3rd degree); fourth degree
burns affect deeper structured
Callus - ANS-Increase in the number of layers in Stratum Corneum; when this occurs over a
bony prominence, a corn will form
Carbohydrates - ANS-Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; energy source and
structure; divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) - ANS-Produced during the catabolism of organic compounds; metabolic
waste product; combines w/ H₂O in plasms and forms H+ thus affecting acid-base balance
Cardiac Muscle - ANS-Muscle of the heart; striated and involuntary; cylindrical w/ single
centrally located nucleus connected by undercalculated disks with gap junctions
Cardiovascular Physiology - ANS-The heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular System - ANS-Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Cardiovascular System Functions - ANS-Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and
hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and regulation of body
temperature
Carotene - ANS-Yellow pigment from vegetables; accumulates in Stratum Corneum, in adipose
cells of dermis, and in subcutaneous tissue
Carrier Proteins - ANS-Also called transporters; integral proteins move ions from one side of a
membrane to the other; have specific binding sites; protein changes shape to transport ions or
molecules; resume original shape after transport; includes uniporters, symporters, and
antiporters
Catabolism - ANS-Collective term for decomposition reactions in the body
Catabolism (Decomposition Reaction) - ANS-Chemical bonds are broken
Catalyst - ANS-Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being
permanently changed or depleted
Cations - ANS-Are positive charged ions
Cell Body - ANS-Contains nucleus
Cell Connections - ANS-Found on lateral and basal surfaces of cells; form permeability layer,
bind cells together, and provide mechanism for intercellular communication; includes
desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, tight junctions, adhesion belt, and gap junctions
Cell Cycle - ANS-The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo; includes
interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Cell Division - ANS-Interphase, prophase, and cytokinesis
Cell Functions - ANS-Cell metabolism and energy use; synthesis of molecules; communication
(cell produce and receive electrical and chemical signals); reproduction and inheritance (each
cell contains DNA, some cells are specialized to gametes for exchange during sexual
intercourse)
Cell Level - ANS-Structural and functional unit of living organisms
Cell Physiology - ANS-Exams processes in cells
