STRAIGHTERLINE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: 2025–2026 LATEST EXAM GUIDE WITH 370 MOST TESTED QUESTIONS (HARVARD STYLE REFERENCING)

STRAIGHTERLINE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: 2025–2026 LATEST
EXAM GUIDE WITH 370 MOST TESTED QUESTIONS (HARVARD STYLE
REFERENCING)
What is the smallest level of organization in the body that contains the body's genetic information?

a. chemical

b. cellular

c. tissue

d. organism - CORRECT ANSWER-cellular The cellular level includes the nucleus, an organelle that
contains the body's genetic information.



Which is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism?

Select one:

a. elevated blood pressure during exercise

b. increase in heart rate after blood loss

c. decrease in blood pressure after blood loss

d. stretching of the uterus near the end of pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER-d. stretching of the uterus
near the end of pregnancy



Which of the following processes generates the most ATP within a human cell?

Select one:

a. glycolysis

b. lactic acid fermentation

c. oxidative phosphorylation

d. citric acid cycle - CORRECT ANSWER-c. oxidative phosphorylation



During DNA replication, how does each template strand eventually become two identical DNA
molecules?

Select one:

a. The two strands form continuously, catalyzed by DNA polymerase.

b. The two strands form continuously, catalyzed by DNA ligase.

c. One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA polymerase.

,d. One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by DNA ligase. -
CORRECT ANSWER-d. One strand forms continuously, the other forms in short segments spliced by
DNA ligase. There is a leading strand and a lagging strand; they don't both form continuously.



Which is the most superficial layer of skin that is composed primarily of living cells?

Select one:

a. stratum corneum

b. stratum lucidum

c. stratum basale spinosum.

d. stratum spinosum - CORRECT ANSWER-.

d. stratum spinosum (stratum basale layer is below the stratum spinosum)



Which of the following is the definition of a third degree burn?

Select one:

a. a burn that covers at least 25% of the skin

b. a burn that has destroyed the dermis and epidermis

c. a burn that can only be caused by fire

d. a burn that does not leave scars - CORRECT ANSWER-a burn that has destroyed the dermis and
epidermis. How much skin the burn covers does not definite which degree of burn it is.



Which of the following types of openings in the skeletal system does a "sinus" describe?

Select one:

a. cavity

b. cleft

c. hole

d. tunnel - CORRECT ANSWER-a. cavity: a sinus is an air space within bone.



Which of the following components of the bone matrix, when removed, allows the bone to be easily
shattered?

Select one:

a. cartilage

b. collagen

,c. hydroxyapatite

d. mineral - CORRECT ANSWER-b. Collagen is a component of the bone matrix that gives it flexible
strength so it is less brittle.



Which of the following is the most widely distributed type of muscle in the body?

Select one:

a. cardiac

b. postural

c. skeletal

d. smooth - CORRECT ANSWER-d. smooth



Which sentence best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?

Select one:

a. Actin and myosin filaments remain stationary.

b. Actin and myosin myofilaments shorten.

c. Sarcomeres and myofibrils contract.

d. Sarcomeres and myofibrils lengthen. - CORRECT ANSWER-c. Sarcomeres and myofibrils contract.
The shortening of sarcomeres is responsible for contraction, and thus myofibrils (sarcomeres joined
end to end) also shorten



A doctor performing an autopsy on a patient concludes that part of the brain was likely damaged by
trauma due to a large population of which type of cell?

Select one:

a. Schwann cells

b. microglia

c. oligodendrocytes

d. ependymal cells - CORRECT ANSWER-b. microglia



What type of axons is found in a gray ramus comunicans?

Select one:

a. myelinated, pre-ganglionic axons

b. myelinated, post-ganglionic axons

, c. unmyelinated, pre-ganglionic axons

d. unmyelinated, post-ganglionic axons - CORRECT ANSWER-d. unmyelinated, post-ganglionic axons



Which class of chemical messengers is secreted by neurons into synaptic clefts to activate an
adjacent cell?



Select one:

a. autocrine

b. endocrine

c. neurotransmitter

d. paracrine - CORRECT ANSWER-c. neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters are secreted into a synaptic
cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals.



The targeted response of the hormone lipotropin is an increase in which of the following?

Select one:

a. the breakdown of fat in adipose tissues

b. the breakdown of lipids and release of fatty acids from cells This is caused by release of growth
hormone.

c. the production of milk in lactating women

d. the secretion of thyroid hormone - CORRECT ANSWER-a. the breakdown of fat in adipose tissues



What causes the breakdown of lipids and release of fatty acids from cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-The
release of growth hormones.



There are more microbial cells than human cells in your body and the health of this microbiota
clearly influences human well-being. How many microbes are there?.

Select one:

a. For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells.

b. For every cell in your body, there are one hundred microbial cells.

c. For every cell in your body, there are one thousand microbial cells.

d. For every cell in your body, there are ten thousand microbial cells - CORRECT ANSWER-a. For every
cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells.