NUSCTX 10 Verified Multiple Choice and
Conceptual Actual Exam Questions With
Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
1. Retinoids - ANSWER a collective term for the biologically active forms
of Vitamin A. They are called preformed vitamin A because unlike
carotenoids, they do not need to be converted in the body to become
biologically active
2. Functions of calcium - ANSWER -bone structure/bone mineralization
-release of neurotransmitters
-blood pressure
-muscle contraction
-cell metabolism
-regulate enzyme activity
-blood clotting (enzyme activity)
*2nd messenger response to plasma
3. Trabecular bone - ANSWER -interior, spongy bone that is more vascular
-more dynamic because loses calcium more quickly because there is more
turnover
,4. Osteoporosis - ANSWER -degradation and thinning of bone
-matrix/calcium ratio normal, but both reduced
-thin and brittle bones
-risk factors: being female, race (white/Asian), small stature, sedentary
-menopause can cause it because bone mass drops due to decrease in estrogen
levels
-matrix is normal but amounts of both are reduced
-the calcium deposits you develop when young impact you when older so
important to stress/stimulate bones to increase bone turnover and more VD and
thyroid hormones
5. Bone remodeling - ANSWER -bone mass is maintained by continual
degradation of existing bone and synthesis of new bone
-good bone structure is matrix formed
-this remodeling facilitates: adjustment to new strength of level, adjustment to
new shape, replacement of degrading matrix (collagen and proteoglycan) during
normal turnover
6. 0steomalacia - ANSWER -disease marked by softening of the bone caused
by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
-organic bone matrix normal but not calcified
-matrix > calcium
,7. Key players in bone remodeling - ANSWER 1. osteoblasts: cells that produce
protocollagen and proteoglycans that constitute the "matrix" of bone (vitamin c
involved in pro collagen synthesis; they respond to changes via Vit D receptors)
2. osteocytes: osteoblasts that become entrapped in polymerizing collagen fibers
3. osteoclasts: act to degrade bone
*vitamin D involved in all
8. Intestinal functions of calcitriol - ANSWER -primary role of VD is to maintain
blood calcium levels
-Calcitriol: hormone produced from Vitamin D3 is the only hormone that can
induce the intestine to absorb dietary Ca
-without VD and its conversion into calcitriol, dietary Ca ++ absorption by the
intestine is severely impaired
9. Calcium absorption - ANSWER 1. High concentrations of calcium allow
absorption by passive diffusion
2. Low to moderate concentrations of calcium require active transport. Vitamin D
turns on the synthesis of calcium transport proteins
3. Calcium transport proteins shuttle calcium from the lumen across the mucosal
cell
4. A calcium pump that requires energy moves calcium from the mucosal cells to
the bloodstream
10. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - ANSWER A hormone of the parathyroid
gland that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body
, -PTH roles: helps with reabsorption of Ca by kidney, release of Ca from bone,
increases absorption of Ca from intestine
-PTH does not conserve P
11. Regulation of blood calcium levels and PTH increase of blood calcium -
ANSWER 1a. low blood calcium levels cause PTH and Vitamin D3 to mobilize
calcium from the bone
1b. PTH also: reduces calcium excretion by the kidneys and stimulates kidney
synthesis of Vitamin D3
1c. Vitamin D3 stimulates intestinal calcium absorption
2. high blood calcium levels cause increased synthesis of the hormone calcitonin
which promotes calcium deposits in bones to help blood calcium levels return to
normal
12. Regulation of blood calcium levels with Calcitonon - ANSWER -high blood
calcium causes the release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland: calcitonin inhibits
calcium release from bone and PTH stimulates calcium release from bone
-low blood calcium causes the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland: PTH
promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidney, PTH stimulates the activation of
vitamin D by the kidney, and active vitamin D increases intestinal calcium
reabsorption
13. Calcitonin moderates effects of PTH - ANSWER -Calcitonin is secreted by
the thyroid gland when plasma and Ca are high
-calcitonin reduces plasma Ca by: reducing osteolytic activity, reducing formation
of new osteoclasts, and increasing osteoblast activity
Conceptual Actual Exam Questions With
Reviewed 100% Correct Detailed Answers
Guaranteed Pass!!Current Update
1. Retinoids - ANSWER a collective term for the biologically active forms
of Vitamin A. They are called preformed vitamin A because unlike
carotenoids, they do not need to be converted in the body to become
biologically active
2. Functions of calcium - ANSWER -bone structure/bone mineralization
-release of neurotransmitters
-blood pressure
-muscle contraction
-cell metabolism
-regulate enzyme activity
-blood clotting (enzyme activity)
*2nd messenger response to plasma
3. Trabecular bone - ANSWER -interior, spongy bone that is more vascular
-more dynamic because loses calcium more quickly because there is more
turnover
,4. Osteoporosis - ANSWER -degradation and thinning of bone
-matrix/calcium ratio normal, but both reduced
-thin and brittle bones
-risk factors: being female, race (white/Asian), small stature, sedentary
-menopause can cause it because bone mass drops due to decrease in estrogen
levels
-matrix is normal but amounts of both are reduced
-the calcium deposits you develop when young impact you when older so
important to stress/stimulate bones to increase bone turnover and more VD and
thyroid hormones
5. Bone remodeling - ANSWER -bone mass is maintained by continual
degradation of existing bone and synthesis of new bone
-good bone structure is matrix formed
-this remodeling facilitates: adjustment to new strength of level, adjustment to
new shape, replacement of degrading matrix (collagen and proteoglycan) during
normal turnover
6. 0steomalacia - ANSWER -disease marked by softening of the bone caused
by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
-organic bone matrix normal but not calcified
-matrix > calcium
,7. Key players in bone remodeling - ANSWER 1. osteoblasts: cells that produce
protocollagen and proteoglycans that constitute the "matrix" of bone (vitamin c
involved in pro collagen synthesis; they respond to changes via Vit D receptors)
2. osteocytes: osteoblasts that become entrapped in polymerizing collagen fibers
3. osteoclasts: act to degrade bone
*vitamin D involved in all
8. Intestinal functions of calcitriol - ANSWER -primary role of VD is to maintain
blood calcium levels
-Calcitriol: hormone produced from Vitamin D3 is the only hormone that can
induce the intestine to absorb dietary Ca
-without VD and its conversion into calcitriol, dietary Ca ++ absorption by the
intestine is severely impaired
9. Calcium absorption - ANSWER 1. High concentrations of calcium allow
absorption by passive diffusion
2. Low to moderate concentrations of calcium require active transport. Vitamin D
turns on the synthesis of calcium transport proteins
3. Calcium transport proteins shuttle calcium from the lumen across the mucosal
cell
4. A calcium pump that requires energy moves calcium from the mucosal cells to
the bloodstream
10. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - ANSWER A hormone of the parathyroid
gland that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body
, -PTH roles: helps with reabsorption of Ca by kidney, release of Ca from bone,
increases absorption of Ca from intestine
-PTH does not conserve P
11. Regulation of blood calcium levels and PTH increase of blood calcium -
ANSWER 1a. low blood calcium levels cause PTH and Vitamin D3 to mobilize
calcium from the bone
1b. PTH also: reduces calcium excretion by the kidneys and stimulates kidney
synthesis of Vitamin D3
1c. Vitamin D3 stimulates intestinal calcium absorption
2. high blood calcium levels cause increased synthesis of the hormone calcitonin
which promotes calcium deposits in bones to help blood calcium levels return to
normal
12. Regulation of blood calcium levels with Calcitonon - ANSWER -high blood
calcium causes the release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland: calcitonin inhibits
calcium release from bone and PTH stimulates calcium release from bone
-low blood calcium causes the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland: PTH
promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidney, PTH stimulates the activation of
vitamin D by the kidney, and active vitamin D increases intestinal calcium
reabsorption
13. Calcitonin moderates effects of PTH - ANSWER -Calcitonin is secreted by
the thyroid gland when plasma and Ca are high
-calcitonin reduces plasma Ca by: reducing osteolytic activity, reducing formation
of new osteoclasts, and increasing osteoblast activity
