NUSCTX 10S FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) | ALREADY
GRADED A+ | NEW UPDATE 2025
What is a Dietary Supplement? - ANSWER A product intended for ingestion—
for example a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, liquid—that contains a "dietary
ingredient."
Examples of Dietary Ingredients - ANSWER -Extracts/Metabolites
-Vitamins
-Minerals
-Amino Acids
-Herbs/Botanicals
Herbal Remedies - ANSWER •Herbal remedies are widely used throughout the
world
-Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
-Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
-Integrative Medicine (as of 2014 US MDs are able to be accredited)
Supplement Labeling Regulations - ANSWER Must include:
1.Ingredients
2.Amount present in each pill
,3.% Daily Value (if applicable)
4.Suggested daily dose
5.Common name of plant and part of plant used (if plant-based)
*Labels cannot claim it treats, prevents, or cures a disease
When are supplements appropriate? - ANSWER - Certain micronutrient
deficiencies
- Limited dietary patterns
*Consider:
1. Efficacy
2. Dosage
3. Labeling
4. Contraindications
5. Misleading claims
6. Cost
*Dietary Supplements should NOT replace a healthy diet that meets the DGAs
Retinoids - ANSWER Retinoids are a collective term for the biologically active
forms of vitamin A. They are called preformed vitamin A because, unlike
carotenoids, they do not need to be converted in the body to become biologically
active.
,The Role of VA in Protein Synthesis and Cell Differentiation (retinoic acid) -
ANSWER •Epithelial cells of skin and mucous membranes are the 1stline of
defense against infection
•Supports differentiation and antibody production in T-and B-cells for specific
immune responses
Vitamin A intake - ANSWER Consuming the right amount of vitamin A is critical
to overall health. A very low (deficient) or very high (toxic) vitamin A intake (as
retinoids) can produce harmful symptoms and can even lead to death.
Roles of VD in the body - ANSWER •The active form of VD is a hormone, which
regulates gene transcription
•Maintains blood concentrations of calcium and phosphorous
•Regulates cell proliferation and differentiation
•Immune function
Factors Affecting VD Synthesis in the Body - ANSWER •Latitude
•Season
•Time of day
•Skin pigmentation
•Sun exposure
•Sunscreen use
Vitamin D (VD): Forms - ANSWER •Body can synthesize from cholesterol and
UV light
•VD2(ergocalciferol) in plant sources and supplements
, •VD3(cholecalciferol) in animal source foods and human body
•VD2is less biologically active than VD3
•VD-binding-protein required for transport in blood
Vitamin D Deficiency: Rickets and Osteomalacia - ANSWER
VD Synthesis & Activation - ANSWER Whether synthesized in the skin or
obtained from dietary sources, vitamin D ultimately functions as a hormone:
1,25(OH)2vitamin D3(calcitriol).
Some functions of Calcium - ANSWER -Bone structure
-Release of neurotransmitters
-Blood pressure
-Muscle contraction
-Cell Metabolism
-Regulate enzyme activity
-Blood clotting
Functions of Calcium - ANSWER Bone mineralization*
Intracellular adhesion
Stabilize complexes(B12/IF)
2nd messenger
Neurotransmission
Fertility
Muscle contraction
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) | ALREADY
GRADED A+ | NEW UPDATE 2025
What is a Dietary Supplement? - ANSWER A product intended for ingestion—
for example a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, liquid—that contains a "dietary
ingredient."
Examples of Dietary Ingredients - ANSWER -Extracts/Metabolites
-Vitamins
-Minerals
-Amino Acids
-Herbs/Botanicals
Herbal Remedies - ANSWER •Herbal remedies are widely used throughout the
world
-Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
-Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
-Integrative Medicine (as of 2014 US MDs are able to be accredited)
Supplement Labeling Regulations - ANSWER Must include:
1.Ingredients
2.Amount present in each pill
,3.% Daily Value (if applicable)
4.Suggested daily dose
5.Common name of plant and part of plant used (if plant-based)
*Labels cannot claim it treats, prevents, or cures a disease
When are supplements appropriate? - ANSWER - Certain micronutrient
deficiencies
- Limited dietary patterns
*Consider:
1. Efficacy
2. Dosage
3. Labeling
4. Contraindications
5. Misleading claims
6. Cost
*Dietary Supplements should NOT replace a healthy diet that meets the DGAs
Retinoids - ANSWER Retinoids are a collective term for the biologically active
forms of vitamin A. They are called preformed vitamin A because, unlike
carotenoids, they do not need to be converted in the body to become biologically
active.
,The Role of VA in Protein Synthesis and Cell Differentiation (retinoic acid) -
ANSWER •Epithelial cells of skin and mucous membranes are the 1stline of
defense against infection
•Supports differentiation and antibody production in T-and B-cells for specific
immune responses
Vitamin A intake - ANSWER Consuming the right amount of vitamin A is critical
to overall health. A very low (deficient) or very high (toxic) vitamin A intake (as
retinoids) can produce harmful symptoms and can even lead to death.
Roles of VD in the body - ANSWER •The active form of VD is a hormone, which
regulates gene transcription
•Maintains blood concentrations of calcium and phosphorous
•Regulates cell proliferation and differentiation
•Immune function
Factors Affecting VD Synthesis in the Body - ANSWER •Latitude
•Season
•Time of day
•Skin pigmentation
•Sun exposure
•Sunscreen use
Vitamin D (VD): Forms - ANSWER •Body can synthesize from cholesterol and
UV light
•VD2(ergocalciferol) in plant sources and supplements
, •VD3(cholecalciferol) in animal source foods and human body
•VD2is less biologically active than VD3
•VD-binding-protein required for transport in blood
Vitamin D Deficiency: Rickets and Osteomalacia - ANSWER
VD Synthesis & Activation - ANSWER Whether synthesized in the skin or
obtained from dietary sources, vitamin D ultimately functions as a hormone:
1,25(OH)2vitamin D3(calcitriol).
Some functions of Calcium - ANSWER -Bone structure
-Release of neurotransmitters
-Blood pressure
-Muscle contraction
-Cell Metabolism
-Regulate enzyme activity
-Blood clotting
Functions of Calcium - ANSWER Bone mineralization*
Intracellular adhesion
Stabilize complexes(B12/IF)
2nd messenger
Neurotransmission
Fertility
Muscle contraction
