Exam 1: Human Physiology- Uark Walker
Exam Questions and Answers
Describe how the different primary tissues compose organs systems - -
- Define homeostasis - -State of dynamic constancy in the internal
environment (different for each variable of the body)
- Explain negative feedback. (Illustrate this concept by drawing and labeling
a negative feedback loop) - -A negative feedback loop is a reaction that
causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to some kind of stimulus.
Often, it causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback
tends to stabilize the system.
a.Sensors in the body to detect change and send information
b.Integrating center, which assesses change around a set point.
c.Effector, which can make the appropriate adjustments to counter the
change from the set-point
- examples of negative feedback - -thermoregulation and blood sugar
regulation
- Describe positive feedback and explain how this process functions in the
body - -occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is
amplified to make it occur more quickly
1.Stimulus causes deviation from set point
2.Cellular response amplifies deviation
3.Further deviation leads to additional cellular response
4.And so on and so on until stimulus stops
*end product stimulates process
- examples of positive feedback - -childbirth
- positive v negative feedback - -Positive feedback occurs to increase the
change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more
quickly. Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output: the result
of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state.
- List the four primary tissues and describe the distinguishing features of
each type - -•Muscle cells
•Neurons
•Epithelial cells
•Connective tissue cells
- Muscle Cells and Tissue - -•Generate mechanical force
, •Three types:
• Skeletal- voluntary
•Cardiac-involuntary
•Smooth-involuntary
- Neuron and Nervous Tissue - -•Neuron: conduct electrical signals
(impulses) to other cells
•Make up the:
•Brain
•Spinal cord
•Nerves
- Epithelial Cells and Tissue - -•Linings and coverings of organs and cavities
•Specialized for:
-Secretion and absorption (single layer-simple epithelium)
-Protection (multiple layer-stratified epithelium)
•Shape and type of epithelial cell vary per location in the body
•Structure and function may differ on one side of the cell compared to the
other (apical vs. basal)
- Connective Cells and Tissue - -•Connect, anchor and support structures in
the body
•Bone
•Cartilage
•Connective tissue proper
-Protein/collagen fibers
-Adipose tissue
•Blood
•Structure: extracellular or connective tissue 'matrix' lies between all the
types of connective cells
- Identify the body fluid compartments - -•Watery solution of dissolved
oxygen, nutrients, waste
•Two compartments for the fluid:
•Intracellular fluids (cytosol) 65% of all fluid
•Extracellular fluids
•Plasma
•Interstitial fluid
- 1/11: integumentary system - -skin, hair, nails, primary function is
protection
- 2/11: Muscular System - -muscles, tendons, primary function is movement
Exam Questions and Answers
Describe how the different primary tissues compose organs systems - -
- Define homeostasis - -State of dynamic constancy in the internal
environment (different for each variable of the body)
- Explain negative feedback. (Illustrate this concept by drawing and labeling
a negative feedback loop) - -A negative feedback loop is a reaction that
causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to some kind of stimulus.
Often, it causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback
tends to stabilize the system.
a.Sensors in the body to detect change and send information
b.Integrating center, which assesses change around a set point.
c.Effector, which can make the appropriate adjustments to counter the
change from the set-point
- examples of negative feedback - -thermoregulation and blood sugar
regulation
- Describe positive feedback and explain how this process functions in the
body - -occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is
amplified to make it occur more quickly
1.Stimulus causes deviation from set point
2.Cellular response amplifies deviation
3.Further deviation leads to additional cellular response
4.And so on and so on until stimulus stops
*end product stimulates process
- examples of positive feedback - -childbirth
- positive v negative feedback - -Positive feedback occurs to increase the
change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more
quickly. Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output: the result
of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state.
- List the four primary tissues and describe the distinguishing features of
each type - -•Muscle cells
•Neurons
•Epithelial cells
•Connective tissue cells
- Muscle Cells and Tissue - -•Generate mechanical force
, •Three types:
• Skeletal- voluntary
•Cardiac-involuntary
•Smooth-involuntary
- Neuron and Nervous Tissue - -•Neuron: conduct electrical signals
(impulses) to other cells
•Make up the:
•Brain
•Spinal cord
•Nerves
- Epithelial Cells and Tissue - -•Linings and coverings of organs and cavities
•Specialized for:
-Secretion and absorption (single layer-simple epithelium)
-Protection (multiple layer-stratified epithelium)
•Shape and type of epithelial cell vary per location in the body
•Structure and function may differ on one side of the cell compared to the
other (apical vs. basal)
- Connective Cells and Tissue - -•Connect, anchor and support structures in
the body
•Bone
•Cartilage
•Connective tissue proper
-Protein/collagen fibers
-Adipose tissue
•Blood
•Structure: extracellular or connective tissue 'matrix' lies between all the
types of connective cells
- Identify the body fluid compartments - -•Watery solution of dissolved
oxygen, nutrients, waste
•Two compartments for the fluid:
•Intracellular fluids (cytosol) 65% of all fluid
•Extracellular fluids
•Plasma
•Interstitial fluid
- 1/11: integumentary system - -skin, hair, nails, primary function is
protection
- 2/11: Muscular System - -muscles, tendons, primary function is movement
