GMS 6121- Pathogenesis Test Exam
What are the three primary types of cytokines that are made? - Correct
Answer ✔️✔️TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6
TNF-a acts at the ___ ____, to promote an inflammatory response. - Correct
Answer ✔️✔️Vascular endothelium
IL-1 stimulates a ___ response. - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Fever
IL-6 stimulates the ___ phase response (liver)((usually targets fungi). - Correct
Answer ✔️✔️Acute
Most ___ (proteins) have A-B structural motif. What do the A and B represent? -
Correct Answer ✔️✔️Exotoxins; Active portion, Binding portion
What are the 6 mechanisms of exotoxins? - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Lytic,
cytotoxic, pharmacological, extracellular enzymes, super antigens, type III
secreted proteins
Which mechanism is responsible for lysing host cells -creating pores or lipase
activity? - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Lytic
,Which mechanism is responsible for killing cells by altering functions, e.g.,
protein synthesis - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Cytotoxic
Which mechanism alters host cell function, e.g., cAMP levels? - Correct Answer
✔️✔️Pharmacological
Which mechanism degrades extracellular matrix, e.g., protease, lipase,
hyaluronidase? - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Extracellular enzymes
Super antigens stimulate host ___ responses in antigen-independent manner -
Correct Answer ✔️✔️T-cell
Super antigens binding to Vβ of T cell receptor resulting in ___ ___-similar to
endotoxin. - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Cytokine cascade
Are all pathogens transmitted to a new human host? - Correct Answer ✔️✔
️No
Most ___ pathogens are contagious. - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Bacterial
What are the three protective effects of normal flora? - Correct Answer ✔️
✔️Immune system priming,
Exclusion of pathogens,
, Production of nutrients
How do normal flora exclude pathogens? - Correct Answer ✔️✔️There is a
limited amount of space and nutrients at colonized sites. If normal flora are
occupying these sites, pathogens cannot gain a foothold.
Which vitamin can we (humans) not make, but that is essential for us? Gut
bacteria make it for us. - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Vitamin K
What kind of bacteria, typically in the gut, usually do good things for us? -
Correct Answer ✔️✔️Probiotics
Presence of ____ doesn't always mean disease is ongoing or that ___ need to be
prescribed - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Bacteria; antibiotics
What are the 7 functions/stages of pathogens/disease? - Correct Answer ✔️
✔️Encounter
Entry
Spread (+/-)
Multiplication
Evasion of host defenses
What are the three primary types of cytokines that are made? - Correct
Answer ✔️✔️TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6
TNF-a acts at the ___ ____, to promote an inflammatory response. - Correct
Answer ✔️✔️Vascular endothelium
IL-1 stimulates a ___ response. - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Fever
IL-6 stimulates the ___ phase response (liver)((usually targets fungi). - Correct
Answer ✔️✔️Acute
Most ___ (proteins) have A-B structural motif. What do the A and B represent? -
Correct Answer ✔️✔️Exotoxins; Active portion, Binding portion
What are the 6 mechanisms of exotoxins? - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Lytic,
cytotoxic, pharmacological, extracellular enzymes, super antigens, type III
secreted proteins
Which mechanism is responsible for lysing host cells -creating pores or lipase
activity? - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Lytic
,Which mechanism is responsible for killing cells by altering functions, e.g.,
protein synthesis - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Cytotoxic
Which mechanism alters host cell function, e.g., cAMP levels? - Correct Answer
✔️✔️Pharmacological
Which mechanism degrades extracellular matrix, e.g., protease, lipase,
hyaluronidase? - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Extracellular enzymes
Super antigens stimulate host ___ responses in antigen-independent manner -
Correct Answer ✔️✔️T-cell
Super antigens binding to Vβ of T cell receptor resulting in ___ ___-similar to
endotoxin. - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Cytokine cascade
Are all pathogens transmitted to a new human host? - Correct Answer ✔️✔
️No
Most ___ pathogens are contagious. - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Bacterial
What are the three protective effects of normal flora? - Correct Answer ✔️
✔️Immune system priming,
Exclusion of pathogens,
, Production of nutrients
How do normal flora exclude pathogens? - Correct Answer ✔️✔️There is a
limited amount of space and nutrients at colonized sites. If normal flora are
occupying these sites, pathogens cannot gain a foothold.
Which vitamin can we (humans) not make, but that is essential for us? Gut
bacteria make it for us. - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Vitamin K
What kind of bacteria, typically in the gut, usually do good things for us? -
Correct Answer ✔️✔️Probiotics
Presence of ____ doesn't always mean disease is ongoing or that ___ need to be
prescribed - Correct Answer ✔️✔️Bacteria; antibiotics
What are the 7 functions/stages of pathogens/disease? - Correct Answer ✔️
✔️Encounter
Entry
Spread (+/-)
Multiplication
Evasion of host defenses
