Fitzgerald FINAL
Exam: REVIEW
A
QUESTIONS AND
VI
APPROVED
TU
IS
M
ANSWERS
O
A
SOLVED 2025
N
JP
GRADED A+!!!
,Full-term - ANSWER 39 - 40w6d
To what populations do you not administer a live virus vaccine? - ANSWER Pregnant
women due to theoretical risk of passing virus to unborn child
Immune suppression due to lack of clinical effect
AIDS (CD4 <200)
Common immunization adverse effects - ANSWER Discomfort
Erythema at immunization injection site common and expected
A
This is an immune response to an injected antigen
Kids have a more noted response because they have a more robust/active immune system
VI
Can use Benadryl cream if itchy
What should you use OTC to treat itchy/inflamed immunization sites? - ANSWER Benadryl
TU
cream
What flu vaccine is most appropriate for an elder >65 with no allergies? - ANSWER
High-dose trivalent IIV or quadrivalent IIV
IS
How should you modify vaccine administration for an adult who has a hive-form reaction when
M
exposed to eggs (no hx of angioedema or respiratory distress)? - ANSWER No modification
Administer any vaccine appropriate for age and health status
O
Immunization against herpes zoster is recommended by the CDC for all adults > what age? -
ANSWER 50 for Shingrix or 60 for Zostavax
A
What is secondary prevention? - ANSWER Early case finding of a symptomatic disease via
N
the use of a screening test
Diseases we screen for have a long asymptomatic period with a known natural history ex. HTN,
JP
dyslipidemia, pap
Prochaska and DiClemente Stages of Change theory - ANSWER Change occurs
dynamically. Theory notes five stages of preparation and maintenance for change (trans
theoretical model)
1. Pre-contemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance/relapse
,Precontemplation stage of change - ANSWER #1 in the transtheoretical model of change.
The patient is not interested in change and might not be aware that the problem
exists/minimizes the problem's impact. The healthcare provider should help the patient to move
toward thinking about changing the unhealthy behavior.
Contemplation stage of change - ANSWER #2 in the transtheoretical model of change. The
patient is considering change and looking at its positive and negative aspects. At the same time,
the person reports feeling "stuck" with the problem. The healthcare provider should help the
patient to examine benefits and barriers to change.
Preparation stage of change - ANSWER #3 in the transtheoretical model of change. The
patient exhibits some change behaviors or thoughts and often reports feeling that he or she
A
does not have the tools to proceed. The healthcare provider should assist the patient in finding
and using tools to help with change, continuing to work to lower barriers to change.
VI
Action stage of change - ANSWER #4 in the transtheoretical model of change. The patient
is ready to go forth with change, often takes concrete steps to change, but is inconsistent with
TU
carrying through. The healthcare provider should work with the patient on use of tools,
encouraging the healthy behavior change, praising the positive, acknowledging reverting back
to former behavior as a common but not insurmountable problem.
IS
Maintenance/relapse stage of change - ANSWER #5 in the transtheoretical model of
change. The patient learns to continue the change and has adopted and embraced the healthy
M
habit. At the same time, relapse can occur and the person learns to deal with backsliding. The
healthcare provider should give positive reinforcement for the behavior change.
O
The 5 A's of smoking cessation - ANSWER Ask - Identify and document tobacco use status
Advise - Urge every tobacco user to quit
A
Assess - Is the tobacco user willing to make a quit attempt at this time
Assist - Use counseling and pharmacotherapy to help the patient quit
N
Arrange - Schedule follow up contact within the 1st week of the quit date
JP
Leading causes of death in the US - ANSWER Heart disease
Malignant neoplasms
Chronic lower respiratory disease
#1 cause of cancer death in the US - ANSWER Lung and bronchus
Most prevalent cancer in men - ANSWER Prostate
Most prevalent cancer in women - ANSWER Breast
Who should receive TB screening? - ANSWER People who have spent time with a
TB-infected individual
, People from Latin America, Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Russia, Carribean
People who live or work in a homeless shelter, long-term care facility, prison, nursing home
Healthcare workers
People with HIV infection
People with symptoms of TB
IVD users
TB Booster phenomenon - ANSWER Often seen in individuals who have previously been
infected with TB — will have initial negative TST but a positive TST when retested up to 1 year
later because the first test "boosts" the immune system
S/s of active TB - ANSWER Significant cough lasting >3 weeks
A
Chest pain
Hemoptysis or sputum production
VI
Weakness/fatigue
Weight loss
Lack of appetite
TU
Fever
Chills
Night sweats
IS
First-line anti-TB agents that form the core of treatment regiments include... - ANSWER INH
Rifampin
M
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide
O
A pregnant woman has been exposed to an individual with TB. What should you do? -
ANSWER PPD - valid and safe to use during pregnancy
A
Untreated TB disease during pregnancy poses a greater risk to mom and baby as babies born
to women with untreated TB disease may have low BW
N
Pregnant women diagnosed with TB should be treated immediately. Antimicrobials should be
carefully selected as some drugs are contraindicated during pregnancy
JP
Characteristics of latent TB - ANSWER No s/s of active infection
Still infectious - can spread to others
+ PPD/Quantiferon/TST
>50% lifetime risk of developing active TB
How long does antimicrobial treatment for active TB infection last? - ANSWER 6-9 months
This term refers to the ability of a test to correctly indentify those who HAVE a condition -
ANSWER Sensitivity
Exam: REVIEW
A
QUESTIONS AND
VI
APPROVED
TU
IS
M
ANSWERS
O
A
SOLVED 2025
N
JP
GRADED A+!!!
,Full-term - ANSWER 39 - 40w6d
To what populations do you not administer a live virus vaccine? - ANSWER Pregnant
women due to theoretical risk of passing virus to unborn child
Immune suppression due to lack of clinical effect
AIDS (CD4 <200)
Common immunization adverse effects - ANSWER Discomfort
Erythema at immunization injection site common and expected
A
This is an immune response to an injected antigen
Kids have a more noted response because they have a more robust/active immune system
VI
Can use Benadryl cream if itchy
What should you use OTC to treat itchy/inflamed immunization sites? - ANSWER Benadryl
TU
cream
What flu vaccine is most appropriate for an elder >65 with no allergies? - ANSWER
High-dose trivalent IIV or quadrivalent IIV
IS
How should you modify vaccine administration for an adult who has a hive-form reaction when
M
exposed to eggs (no hx of angioedema or respiratory distress)? - ANSWER No modification
Administer any vaccine appropriate for age and health status
O
Immunization against herpes zoster is recommended by the CDC for all adults > what age? -
ANSWER 50 for Shingrix or 60 for Zostavax
A
What is secondary prevention? - ANSWER Early case finding of a symptomatic disease via
N
the use of a screening test
Diseases we screen for have a long asymptomatic period with a known natural history ex. HTN,
JP
dyslipidemia, pap
Prochaska and DiClemente Stages of Change theory - ANSWER Change occurs
dynamically. Theory notes five stages of preparation and maintenance for change (trans
theoretical model)
1. Pre-contemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance/relapse
,Precontemplation stage of change - ANSWER #1 in the transtheoretical model of change.
The patient is not interested in change and might not be aware that the problem
exists/minimizes the problem's impact. The healthcare provider should help the patient to move
toward thinking about changing the unhealthy behavior.
Contemplation stage of change - ANSWER #2 in the transtheoretical model of change. The
patient is considering change and looking at its positive and negative aspects. At the same time,
the person reports feeling "stuck" with the problem. The healthcare provider should help the
patient to examine benefits and barriers to change.
Preparation stage of change - ANSWER #3 in the transtheoretical model of change. The
patient exhibits some change behaviors or thoughts and often reports feeling that he or she
A
does not have the tools to proceed. The healthcare provider should assist the patient in finding
and using tools to help with change, continuing to work to lower barriers to change.
VI
Action stage of change - ANSWER #4 in the transtheoretical model of change. The patient
is ready to go forth with change, often takes concrete steps to change, but is inconsistent with
TU
carrying through. The healthcare provider should work with the patient on use of tools,
encouraging the healthy behavior change, praising the positive, acknowledging reverting back
to former behavior as a common but not insurmountable problem.
IS
Maintenance/relapse stage of change - ANSWER #5 in the transtheoretical model of
change. The patient learns to continue the change and has adopted and embraced the healthy
M
habit. At the same time, relapse can occur and the person learns to deal with backsliding. The
healthcare provider should give positive reinforcement for the behavior change.
O
The 5 A's of smoking cessation - ANSWER Ask - Identify and document tobacco use status
Advise - Urge every tobacco user to quit
A
Assess - Is the tobacco user willing to make a quit attempt at this time
Assist - Use counseling and pharmacotherapy to help the patient quit
N
Arrange - Schedule follow up contact within the 1st week of the quit date
JP
Leading causes of death in the US - ANSWER Heart disease
Malignant neoplasms
Chronic lower respiratory disease
#1 cause of cancer death in the US - ANSWER Lung and bronchus
Most prevalent cancer in men - ANSWER Prostate
Most prevalent cancer in women - ANSWER Breast
Who should receive TB screening? - ANSWER People who have spent time with a
TB-infected individual
, People from Latin America, Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Russia, Carribean
People who live or work in a homeless shelter, long-term care facility, prison, nursing home
Healthcare workers
People with HIV infection
People with symptoms of TB
IVD users
TB Booster phenomenon - ANSWER Often seen in individuals who have previously been
infected with TB — will have initial negative TST but a positive TST when retested up to 1 year
later because the first test "boosts" the immune system
S/s of active TB - ANSWER Significant cough lasting >3 weeks
A
Chest pain
Hemoptysis or sputum production
VI
Weakness/fatigue
Weight loss
Lack of appetite
TU
Fever
Chills
Night sweats
IS
First-line anti-TB agents that form the core of treatment regiments include... - ANSWER INH
Rifampin
M
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide
O
A pregnant woman has been exposed to an individual with TB. What should you do? -
ANSWER PPD - valid and safe to use during pregnancy
A
Untreated TB disease during pregnancy poses a greater risk to mom and baby as babies born
to women with untreated TB disease may have low BW
N
Pregnant women diagnosed with TB should be treated immediately. Antimicrobials should be
carefully selected as some drugs are contraindicated during pregnancy
JP
Characteristics of latent TB - ANSWER No s/s of active infection
Still infectious - can spread to others
+ PPD/Quantiferon/TST
>50% lifetime risk of developing active TB
How long does antimicrobial treatment for active TB infection last? - ANSWER 6-9 months
This term refers to the ability of a test to correctly indentify those who HAVE a condition -
ANSWER Sensitivity
