NICU TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
RANKED A+
✔✔What are some conditions that we may do ECMO for? - ✔✔-RDS
-MAS (do the best w/ ECMO)
-PPHN
-CDH
-sepsis
✔✔What are some contraindications to ECMO? - ✔✔-gestational age <34 weeks
-weight <2 kilos
-severe IVH (r/f increased bleeding r/t heparin)
-irreversible lung disease
-irreversible severe neuro abnormality
-severe congenital anomalies
✔✔How do we look for congenital heart disease in the neonatal population? - ✔✔CCHD
screens
✔✔What is PDA? - ✔✔when the ductus arteriosis fails to close
✔✔What does the ductus arteriosis do? - ✔✔connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta
to allow blood to bypass fetal lungs
✔✔What increases the risk for PDA? - ✔✔the earlier the gestation, the more likely the
baby is to have a PDA
✔✔What are some symptoms of PDA? - ✔✔-murmur
-cardiomegaly
-bounding pulses
-active precordium (can see heart beating thru skin)
-widened pulse pressure
✔✔What are some complications of PDA? - ✔✔-CHF
-feeding intolerance
-respiratory distress
✔✔How are PDAs managed? - ✔✔-fluid restriction
-PEEP
-indomethacin and ibuprofen to cause closure
-surgical ligation
✔✔What is gastroschisis? - ✔✔extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal
folds to the right of the umblicus that is not covered by a sac
, ✔✔What organs may be involved w/ gastroschisis? - ✔✔-stomach
-large intestine
-small intestine
✔✔What is omphalocele? - ✔✔herniation of abdominal viscera into the umbilical cord
that is usually covered by a peritoneal sac
✔✔What organs may be involved w/ omphalocele? - ✔✔-stomach
-liver
-spleen
-intestine
✔✔Which is more commonly associated w/ other anomalies, gastro or omphalocele? -
✔✔omphalocele
✔✔What are some risk factors for NEC? - ✔✔-perinatal hypoxemia
-polycythemia
-prematurity
-formula or hyperosmolar feeds
-abnormal bacterial colonization
-congenital heart defects
✔✔What are the symptoms of NEC? - ✔✔-apnea
-lethargy
-abdominal distention
-feeding intolerance
-emesis
-bloody stools
-abdominal wall erythema
-hypotension
-metabolic acidosis
-DIC
✔✔Describe the medical management for NEC. - ✔✔-NPO
-abdominal decompression
-antibiotics
-bowel rest
-TPN
-tx of pain
✔✔Describe the surgical management for NEC. - ✔✔-penrose drain placement
-exploratory laparotomy w/ bowel resection
-enterostomy and stoma formation
✔✔What are some of the complications of NEC? - ✔✔-intestinal stricture
RANKED A+
✔✔What are some conditions that we may do ECMO for? - ✔✔-RDS
-MAS (do the best w/ ECMO)
-PPHN
-CDH
-sepsis
✔✔What are some contraindications to ECMO? - ✔✔-gestational age <34 weeks
-weight <2 kilos
-severe IVH (r/f increased bleeding r/t heparin)
-irreversible lung disease
-irreversible severe neuro abnormality
-severe congenital anomalies
✔✔How do we look for congenital heart disease in the neonatal population? - ✔✔CCHD
screens
✔✔What is PDA? - ✔✔when the ductus arteriosis fails to close
✔✔What does the ductus arteriosis do? - ✔✔connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta
to allow blood to bypass fetal lungs
✔✔What increases the risk for PDA? - ✔✔the earlier the gestation, the more likely the
baby is to have a PDA
✔✔What are some symptoms of PDA? - ✔✔-murmur
-cardiomegaly
-bounding pulses
-active precordium (can see heart beating thru skin)
-widened pulse pressure
✔✔What are some complications of PDA? - ✔✔-CHF
-feeding intolerance
-respiratory distress
✔✔How are PDAs managed? - ✔✔-fluid restriction
-PEEP
-indomethacin and ibuprofen to cause closure
-surgical ligation
✔✔What is gastroschisis? - ✔✔extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal
folds to the right of the umblicus that is not covered by a sac
, ✔✔What organs may be involved w/ gastroschisis? - ✔✔-stomach
-large intestine
-small intestine
✔✔What is omphalocele? - ✔✔herniation of abdominal viscera into the umbilical cord
that is usually covered by a peritoneal sac
✔✔What organs may be involved w/ omphalocele? - ✔✔-stomach
-liver
-spleen
-intestine
✔✔Which is more commonly associated w/ other anomalies, gastro or omphalocele? -
✔✔omphalocele
✔✔What are some risk factors for NEC? - ✔✔-perinatal hypoxemia
-polycythemia
-prematurity
-formula or hyperosmolar feeds
-abnormal bacterial colonization
-congenital heart defects
✔✔What are the symptoms of NEC? - ✔✔-apnea
-lethargy
-abdominal distention
-feeding intolerance
-emesis
-bloody stools
-abdominal wall erythema
-hypotension
-metabolic acidosis
-DIC
✔✔Describe the medical management for NEC. - ✔✔-NPO
-abdominal decompression
-antibiotics
-bowel rest
-TPN
-tx of pain
✔✔Describe the surgical management for NEC. - ✔✔-penrose drain placement
-exploratory laparotomy w/ bowel resection
-enterostomy and stoma formation
✔✔What are some of the complications of NEC? - ✔✔-intestinal stricture
