ECPI BIO 111 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <LATEST VERSION>

ECPI BIO 111 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;LATEST VERSION&gt; 1. ___________________ are characterized by connexons filled with fluid which run between adjacent cell membranes. - ANSWER gap junctions 2. An organ consists of: - ANSWER Two or more tissues grouped together that function together. 3. Which connective tissue is comprised of many interwoven and randomly organized collagenous fibers? - ANSWER Dense irregular connective tissue 4. The basic cell in the nervous tissue that carries out most of the functions of nervous tissue is the: - ANSWER Neuron 5. The substance between cells in connective tissue is called extracellular matrix. What is the matrix made of? - ANSWER Protein fibers 6. Which of the following tissues has properties determined by the extracellular matrix its cells produce? - ANSWER Connective 7. ____________ anchor basal epithelial cells to extracellular materials. - ANSWER hemidesmosomes 8. What type of epithelial tissue is most likely to be found lining the respiratory passageway due to its ability to move mucus? - ANSWER Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 9. Blood escaping broken vessels associated with a fracture form a blood clot. This initial step in fracture repair is known as - ANSWER fracture hematoma 10. The development of bone on and within fibrous connective tissue membranes refers to - ANSWER intramembranous ossification 11. Deterioration of the articular cartilage in a joint in response to wear and tear is: - ANSWER osteoarthritis 12. The external acoustic meatus is part of the: - ANSWER temporal bone 13. Red blood cells are produced in: - ANSWER red bone marrow 14. PTH is released in response to - ANSWER low blood calcium 15. Creatine phosphate serves to - ANSWER supply energy and phosphate for the synthesis of ATP 16. Which of the following muscle tissues is both striated and involuntary? - ANSWER cardiac muscle 17. Choose the correct term that corresponds to the muscle indicated. (scroll to see whole picture) - ANSWER pectoralis minor 18. What cordlike structures connect muscle to bone? - ANSWER Tendons 19. The soleus is a muscle that forms part of the - ANSWER Calf. 20. A muscle that assists the agonist is a(n) - ANSWER Synergist. 21. Muscles which oppose another muscle action are called - ANSWER antagonists 22. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles within the - ANSWER axonal terminals 23. Which of the following best describes the myofibrils? - ANSWER Comprised of actin and myosin filaments. 24. What are the units of contraction in a muscle fiber called? - ANSWER Sarcomeres. 25. What is a motor unit? - ANSWER a motor neuron along with all of the muscle fibers it innervates 26. The muscle that opposes a particular action is called the - ANSWER Antagonist. 27. What is the function of the transverse-tubules? - ANSWER to deliver action potential to the interior of the muscle fiber 28. In a relaxed muscle, the cross-bridge binding sites on actin are blocked. An increase in the concentration of which of the following ions makes the binding sites available and results in muscle contraction? - ANSWER Ca2+ 29. Choose the correct term that corresponds to the muscle indicated. (scroll to see whole picture) - ANSWER internal oblique 30. Choose the correct term that corresponds to the muscle indicated. (scroll to see whole picture) - ANSWER masseter 31. What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle? - ANSWER tight junctions that help to speed the propagation of muscle contraction and add structural integrity 32. Muscle atrophy that progresses with aging is caused by reduction in - ANSWER All of the above. 33. What is the name of the synapse where a motor neuron and a muscle fiber meet? - ANSWER Neuromuscular junction. 34. All the following are basic types of human tissues except: - ANSWER Squamous tissue 35. Chondrocytes are: - ANSWER Cells. 36. Membrane that lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior is called - ANSWER Mucous membrane. 37. All of the following characterize epithelial tissue except - ANSWER Immature cells secrete matrix. 38. The epidermis and the lining of the oral cavity have all of the following in common except: - ANSWER Keratinization 39. Which type of cartilage provides support and shock absorption? - ANSWER Fibrocartilage 40. Connective tissue cells, once they have matured - ANSWER All of the above. 41. Fever is: - ANSWER A special case of hyperthermia in which body temperature rises in response to an elevated set point, typically in response to infection. 42. Skin cells play an important role in the production of: - ANSWER Vitamin D. 43. As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface: - ANSWER They die. 44. Name the area where hair growth occurs. - ANSWER Hair bulb. 45. What determines the color of skin? - ANSWER The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce. 46. Elderly persons may become less able to maintain stable body temperatures because: - ANSWER The number of sweat glands diminishes. 47. In the dermis of the skin, name the more superficial layer. - ANSWER Papillary layer 48. Which of the following is not correct concerning the skin? - ANSWER The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis. 49. Melanocytes transfer melanin granules to: - ANSWER Nearby keratinocytes. 50. Apocrine sweat glands are most abundant on or in the: - ANSWER Axilla. 51. In areas of the skin where the epidermis is thin, the ________ may be absent. - ANSWER Stratum lucidum 52. The dermis is largely composed of: - ANSWER Dense irregular connective tissue. 53. A person exercising vigorously on a hot, humid day may develop: - ANSWER All of the above 54. Name the function of the arrector pili: - ANSWER To shift position of hair follicles 55. Epidermis is __________, whereas dermis is ________. - ANSWER Composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes 56. Eccrine sweat glands: - ANSWER Respond primarily to elevated body temperature. 57. Blood vessels in the _______ supply epidermal cells with nutrients. - ANSWER Dermis. 58. The arrector pili muscle is attached to: - ANSWER A hair follicle. 59. The human integumentary system includes: - ANSWER Skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands. 60. Shafts of hair are composed of: - ANSWER Dead epidermal cells. 61. There are a total of how many vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spinal cord? - ANSWER 12 62. What type of exercise stimulates bone growth and remodeling? - ANSWER weight-bearing exercises 63. What kind of tissue forms the superficial part of all bones? - ANSWER Compact bone. 64. Choose the correct letter that corresponds to the glenohumeral ligaments. (scroll to see whole picture) - ANSWER B 65. Which one of the following is part of the head? - ANSWER Mastoid process 66. Which one of the following is part of a vertebra? - ANSWER Transverse process 67. Which type of tissue provides support and protection and fills spaces in the body? - ANSWER Connective. 68. What type of cartilage is found in the zone of resting cartilage in the epiphyseal plate? - ANSWER hyaline cartilage 69. Choose the correct letter that corresponds to the acromion process. - ANSWER C 70. Choose the correct letter that corresponds to the female pelvis. (scroll to see whole picture) - ANSWER A 71. The atlas is part of the: - ANSWER neck 72. Using the image below choose the answer that best represents a glycoprotein - ANSWER D 73. Which of the following has a large impact on the permeability of a molecule across the membrane? - ANSWER Its size, its polarity/charge (A and C) 74. Which of the following is NOT considered part of the cell's endomembrane system? - ANSWER Mitochondria 75. When a plant cell, such as one from a Lily leaf, is submerged in a highly hypertonic solution, what is most likely to occur? - ANSWER The cell will plasmolyze. 76. Parts of a cells endomembrane - ANSWER lysosomes golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum vesicles 77. hypertonic - ANSWER Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. 78. hypotonic - ANSWER Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution 79. plasmolyze - ANSWER To shrink and pull away from a cell wall, or when a plant cell protoplast pulls away from the cell wall as a result of water loss. 80. There is a new variety of corn plant that is able to grow well in the summer in excessively hot environments. How are the membranes of its cells able to maintain the desired membrane fluidity in these conditions? - ANSWER Increasing the amount of saturated fatty acids in the membrane 81. Glucose is a macromolecule that requires a protein to move across the membrane. Below is an image of glucose concentrations after you have ate lunch. Your body needs to utilize the glucose to make ATP, so glucose is going to ENTER the cell. What method of transport will be utilized to bring glucose into the cell? - ANSWER passive transport-facilitated diffusion 82. passive transport - ANSWER the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell 83. active transport - ANSWER Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference 84. facilitated diffusion - ANSWER Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels 85. osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane 86. simple diffusion - ANSWER movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration 87. endocytes - ANSWER Movement of materials in the cell 88. primary active transport - ANSWER Active transport that relies directly on the hydrolysis of ATP. 89. Below image, what is the best description for the two sides of the membranes and how would the molecules of water move - ANSWER Left: hypotonic Right: hypertonic Water would move to the right side due to inability of larger substances to cross the membrane 90. Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP hydrolysis? - ANSWER Movement of Na+ ions from lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid. 91. ATP hydrolisis - ANSWER releases the potential energy stored in ATP, which is what the cells use to do work 92. An amoeba engulfs a particle of food through ____. This is a form of ____ and requires energy to create a membrane bound vesicle for transport. - ANSWER Phagocytosis; active transport 93. Which of the following statements are correct about the molecule in the picture (2 answers) A) only found in DNA B) only found in RNA C) is a purine D) is found in both DNA and RNA E) is a pyrimidine - ANSWER A and C 94. The DNA molecule is just starting the replication process. Which of the following diagrams best represents the leading strand and lagging strand synthesis at a replication fork which is moving to the right? - ANSWER B 95. Which of the following scenarios would most likely trigger or promote a cell to divide: A) a cell that is experiencing over-crowding B) a cell that is growing larger and larger in size C) a cell surrounded by other cells that are dead and or dying D) completing at least 2 of the 3 internal checkpoints (end G1, end G2, metaphase) E) all of the above - ANSWER B 96. The genetic code is considered degenerate or redundant what is meant by this? A) one amino acid can have more than one codon code for it B) one triplet codon can make more than one type of amino acid C) members of the same species have identical genomes D) each amino acid has exactly one codon that codes for it E) the genetic code is the same sequence when read forward or backward - ANSWER A 97. The purpose of a spliceosome during the processes of protein synthesis is to : A) link Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand B) join exons to each other to form a mature mRNA after introns are removed C) add a poly A tail to mRNA and a 5' cap to the mRNA molecule D) remove exons and join introns together in an mRNA molecule E) remove damaged regions of DNA during nucleotide excision repair (NER) - ANSWER B 98. Which structure of the diagram represents a pair of homologous chromosomes? - ANSWER D 99. What is the order of DNA packaging from most to least compact? - ANSWER Chromatids, looped domains, coiled fibers, nucleosomes, DNA double helix 100. In nucleotide excision repair (NER), after the damaged DNA is removed, what enzyme synthesized the new DNA? A) DNA polymerase B) ligase C) helicase D) nuclease E) telomerase - ANSWER A