NURS 6501 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED
A+<RECENT VERSION>
1) How are cells specialized? - answer through the process of
differentiation or maturation
2) what are the eight specialized cellular functions? - answer movement,
conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration,
reproduction, and communication
3) what are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - answer
the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
4) what causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - answer cellular
injury causing cellular self-digestion
5) what is the location and function of the nucleus? - answer the largest
membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The
, chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic
information.
6) what is cytoplasm? - answer an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills
the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
7) what is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? -
answer a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend
throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and
transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
8) what is the golgi complex and what does it do? - answer a network of
smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The golgi
complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into
secretory vesicles
9) what are lysosomes and what do they do? - answer saclike structures
that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes.
These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to
their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
10) what are peroxisomes? - answer involved in the production and
breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
11) importance of proteins in disease - answer the major
workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they can cause diseases
12) what are mitochondria responsible for? - answer . Mitochondria
contain the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy
metabolism (makes atp).
,13) what is the cytoskeleton? - answer the "bone and muscle" of the
cell. The internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments,
including microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments).
14) what is the plasma membrane? - answer encloses the cell and,
by controlling the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful
influence on metabolic pathways
15) what is signal transduction? - answer the transfer of molecular
signals from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis
occurs
16) what is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - answer
protein homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This
network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and
protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems
is associated with disease.
17) what do protein receptors do? - answer on the plasma
membrane, enable the cell to interact with other cells and with
extracellular substances
18) what means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - answer (1) the
extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma
membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
19) what makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? -
answer (1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2)
adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The
matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
, 20) how do cells communicate? - answer (1) they form protein
channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect
intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3)
they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
21) how is intercellular signaling done? - answer contact-
dependent, paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
22) what is atp? - answer adenosine triphosphate - energy - is
required for active transport.
23) what is anabolism? - answer energy-using process of
metabolism
24) what is catabolism? - answer the energy-releasing process of
metabolism
25) what is passive transport? - answer the movement of materials
across the cell membrane without using cellular energy, water and small
electrically uncharged molecules, done through osmosis
26) what is oxidative phosphorylation? - answer occurs in the
mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to atp.
27) what is endocytosis and exocytosis? - answer endo= into the
cell (engulf). Exo= out of the cell (excrete).
28) what is active transport? - answer requires the cell to expend
energy (by means of atp) to move larger molecules and molecular
complexes
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED
A+<RECENT VERSION>
1) How are cells specialized? - answer through the process of
differentiation or maturation
2) what are the eight specialized cellular functions? - answer movement,
conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration,
reproduction, and communication
3) what are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - answer
the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
4) what causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - answer cellular
injury causing cellular self-digestion
5) what is the location and function of the nucleus? - answer the largest
membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The
, chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic
information.
6) what is cytoplasm? - answer an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills
the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
7) what is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? -
answer a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend
throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and
transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
8) what is the golgi complex and what does it do? - answer a network of
smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The golgi
complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into
secretory vesicles
9) what are lysosomes and what do they do? - answer saclike structures
that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes.
These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to
their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
10) what are peroxisomes? - answer involved in the production and
breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
11) importance of proteins in disease - answer the major
workhorses of the cell, if misfolded they can cause diseases
12) what are mitochondria responsible for? - answer . Mitochondria
contain the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy
metabolism (makes atp).
,13) what is the cytoskeleton? - answer the "bone and muscle" of the
cell. The internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments,
including microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments).
14) what is the plasma membrane? - answer encloses the cell and,
by controlling the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful
influence on metabolic pathways
15) what is signal transduction? - answer the transfer of molecular
signals from the exterior to the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis
occurs
16) what is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - answer
protein homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This
network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and
protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems
is associated with disease.
17) what do protein receptors do? - answer on the plasma
membrane, enable the cell to interact with other cells and with
extracellular substances
18) what means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - answer (1) the
extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma
membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
19) what makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? -
answer (1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2)
adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The
matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
, 20) how do cells communicate? - answer (1) they form protein
channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect
intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3)
they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
21) how is intercellular signaling done? - answer contact-
dependent, paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
22) what is atp? - answer adenosine triphosphate - energy - is
required for active transport.
23) what is anabolism? - answer energy-using process of
metabolism
24) what is catabolism? - answer the energy-releasing process of
metabolism
25) what is passive transport? - answer the movement of materials
across the cell membrane without using cellular energy, water and small
electrically uncharged molecules, done through osmosis
26) what is oxidative phosphorylation? - answer occurs in the
mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to atp.
27) what is endocytosis and exocytosis? - answer endo= into the
cell (engulf). Exo= out of the cell (excrete).
28) what is active transport? - answer requires the cell to expend
energy (by means of atp) to move larger molecules and molecular
complexes
