NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT VERSION

NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT VERSION 1) Apoptosis - answer a programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations 2) necrosis - answer rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondria dysfunction 3) what is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney and heart) - answer hypoxia 4) what is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - answer ischemia 5) main component of a cell - answer nucleus 6) what does the nucleus contain? - answer nucleolus 7) what is the nucleolus composed of? - answer rna, most of cellular dna, dna binding proteins, and histones 8) why are histone important? - answer histones bind to dna and fold it into chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division 9) what are ribosomes? - answer rna-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (npcs) 10) where can ribosomes be found? - answer cytoplasm and rough er 11) what are ribosomes chief function? - answer provides sits for cellular protein synthesis 12) what is the golgi apparatus (complex)? - answer a network of flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell 13) what does the golgi apparatus do? - answer takes proteins from the er and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell 14) what are lysosomes and what do they do? - answer maintain cellular health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption 15) how does aging affect lysosomes? - answer leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue 16) what functions do lysosomal components integrate? - answer nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity 17) what is mitochondria responsible for? - answer cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and energy production 18) what does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - answer enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's atp 19) the mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - answer 1- metabolic 2- urea and heme synthesis 3- carbs, proteins, and lipids 20) what can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic dearangements? - answer carbs, proteins, and lipids 21) what is physiologic atrophy? - answer occurs in early development. Ex: thymus glad during childhood 22) what is pathologic atrophy? - answer occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation. 23) Ex: shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal stimulation. And an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time 24) what is hypertrophy? - answer increase in cell size 25) example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - answer hypertrophy of myocardial cells from endurance training 26) example of pathologic hypertrophy - answer cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient 27) what is hyperplasia? - answer increase in the number of cells 28) example of compensatory hyperplasia? - answer regeneration of the liver 29) example of pathological hyperplasia - answer endometrial tissue 30) example of hormonal hyperplasia - answer enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy 31) what is metaplasia? - answer replacement of the cells 32) example of metaplasia - answer normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining being replaced by squamous cells. Can be reversed if irritant stopped 33) cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? - answer atp functions as the energy-transferring molecule 34) during ischemia, what effect does the loss of atp have on the cells? - answer a reduction of atp levels (atp needs oxygen) that causes the na+/k+ pump and na+/ca exchange to fail, leading to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of k+ out of the cell . Sodium and water can enter cell freely causing cellular swelling 35) what is a free radical? - answer a molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons. To stabilize, it gives up or takes a electron making it capable of injurious chemical bond formations with proteins, lipids, or carbs 36) what plays a major role in the initiation and progression of disease? - answer free radicals 37) what are the 5 major diseases that are affected by reactive oxygen species and are known to play a role in initiation and progression? - answer hyperlipidemia, diabetes m., hypertension, chf, and ischemic heart disease 38) what is wrong with an unpair electron? - answer causes a chemical imbalance of the cell membrane, making the molecule unstable 39) what is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? - answer enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of dna and rna 40) what happens when liver enzymes metabolize ethanol into acetaldehyde? - answer hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify the liver-if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned into fat in the liver, "fatty liver" 41) what is ionizing radiation (ir)? - answer any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms. 42) what does ionizing radiation result in? - answer the production of negatively charge free elections and positively charged ionized atoms 43) what is ionizing radiation emitted from? - answer x-rays, y-rays, alpha and beta particles, subatomic particles such as neutrons, deuterons, protons, and pions Wear a lead apron 44) what is the main mechanism of damage to dna by the ionizing radiation? - answer from generation of reactive oxygen species from reactions with free radicals by radiolysis of water It hurts the dna the most 45) what happens with physiologic processes with aging? - answer every physiologic process can be shown to function less effeciently 46) what is sarcopenia? - answer muscular atrophy: degenerative skeletal muscle loss How fast it happens depends on nature/nurture 47) what happens when "stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems occur with aging? - answer 1-peripheral vascular resistance increases (htn) 2- decreased production of hydrochloric acid (hcl) and delayed stomach emptying (decrease in appetite) 3- decreased immune response to t-dependent antigens 48) what happens with fluid and electrolytes with aging? - answer 1- total body potassium concentration decreases because of decreased cellular mass 2- the decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment leading to an increased sodium/potassium ratio 49) what is an aneuploid cell? - answer those that do not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes 50) what makes a trisomic cell? - answer an aneuploid cell containing three copies of one chromosome (trisomy 21, 18) 51) what is a well known example of aneuploidy? - answer trisomy 21 (down syndrome) 52) what is trisomy 21 or down syndrome known for? - answer iq between 25-70 Low nasal bridge Protruding tongue Flat, low set ears 53) what is the definition of penetrance? - answer the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also express the expected phenotype 54) what is imcomplete penetrance? - answer individuals who have a disease-causing allele may not exhibit that expected phenotype at all, even though the allele and the associated disease may be transmitted to the next generation 55) what is huntington's disease and what are the main features? - answer 1-a well-known autosomal dominant condition 2- progressive dementia and increasingly uncontrollable movements of the limbs 56) when does huntington's disease appear? - answer not usually seen until 40 y/o or later due to this, huntington's disease 57) what is an example of a age-dependent penetrance? - answer huntington disease 58) what do most genetic diseases exhibit? - answer variable expressivity 59) what is the definition of expressivity? - answer the extent of variation in the phenotype associated with a particular genotype 60) if the expressivity of a disease is variable, how is penetrance affected? - answer penetrance may be complete, but the severity of the disease can vary 61) what is a well-known example of variable expressivity in an autosomal dominant disease? - answer type 1 neurofibromatosis or von recklinghausen disease 62) how does the expression of recklinghausen disease gene express itself? - answer can vary from a few harmless cafe-au-lait spots on the skin to malignant tumors, scoliosis, seizures, gliomas, hypertension, learning disabilities, and neuromas 63) cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene? - answer autosomal recessive 64) who does cystic fibrosis affect most? - answer white children-most lethal autosomal recessive disease 65) how does someone get cystic fibrosis? - answer the individual must be homozygous for a recessive allele to express the disease (both parents have to have the allele) 66) what happens if a person is a carrier for cystic fibrosis? - answer 1- usually the carriers are phenotypically normal 2- most recessive alleles are maintained in normal carriers; they are able to survive in the populations from one generation to the next 67) what form of gene accounts for approximately 5% of breast cancer? - answer autosomal dominant form 68) which genes are responsible for this form of breast cancer? - answer braca1 (chromosome 17) and braca2 (chromosome 13) 69) what is the chance of a lifetime risk of developing breast cancer for women who inherit the braca1 or braca2 gene? - answer 50-80% 70) what is the risk of developing breast cancer if a woman has 1 affected 1st degree relative? - answer double the risk 71) how common is a given disease in a population? - answer well-established measures are used to answer this question 72) What electrolyte is the primary determinant of the resting membrane potential for transmission of nerve impulses? - answer potassium