WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH 100% VERIFIED
WGU pathophysiology D236
SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bt3eyn
1. What is Starling's Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There
Law of Capillary are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure
forces? (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic
pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
How does this ex-
plain why a nutri- Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
tionally deficient pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause
child would have water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute
edema? the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a
nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter
the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
2. How does the A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn
RAAS begins to secrete renin.
(Renin-An-
giotensin-Aldos- Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to
terone System) Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
result in
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arte-
increased blood
rial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
volume and
increased blood
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which
pressure?
acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while
also increased potassium secretion in urine.
3. How can hyper- Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers
kalemia lead to to potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
cardiac arrest?
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low
and muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms.
, WGU pathophysiology D236
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bt3eyn
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can
cause a heart attack
4. The body uses Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes.
the Protein Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein
Buffering Sys- (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
tem, Phosphate
Buffering Sys-
tem, and Car-
bonic Acid-Bicar-
bonate System
to regulate and
maintain homeo-
static pH, what is
the consequence
of a pH imbal-
ance
5. Describe the lab- Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg
oratory findings PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
associated with
metabolic acido- Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher =
sis, metabolic al- acidosis and lower = alkalosis
kalosis, respira-
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal
tory acidosis and
CO2 levels. This could include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI
respiratory alka-
losses.
losis. (ie relative
pH and CO2 lev-
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or metabolic in nature.
els).
-If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that
are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
, WGU pathophysiology D236
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bt3eyn
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the imbalance
is metabolic in nature.
6. The anion gap The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.
is the difference
between mea- Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions,
sured cations which remove HCO3- (a measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+ and
(Na+ and K+) and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
measured anions
(Cl- and HCO3-),
this calculation
can be useful in
determining the
cause of meta-
bolic acidosis.
Why would an
increased anion
gap be observed
in diabetic ke-
toacidosis or lac-
tic acidosis?
7. Why is it im- Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the cells.
portant to main- Cells use glucose to produce energy (ATP).
tain a homeosta-
tic balance of glu- In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the pancreas is signaled
cose in the blood to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and
(ie describe the initiates the uptake of glucose.
pathogenesis of
Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the blood, it can start to bind to
diabetes)?
other proteins and lipids, which can lead to loss of function.
, WGU pathophysiology D236
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bt3eyn
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a result of glucose reacting
with the endothelial lining, which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys.
8. Compare and Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will
contrast Type I not be taken into the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type
and Type II Dia- I is usually treated with insulin injections.
betes
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The insulin
receptors are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization to insulin (met-
formin), dietary and life-style changes or insulin injections.
9. Describe some AEIOU-acidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion, overload, uremia. Patients
reasons for a with kidney or heart failure.
patient needing
dialysis A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed from the blood using
a semi-permeable membrane and dialysate.
AEIOU:
A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
10. Compare and Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in one tube while
contrast he- dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in
modialysis and the opposite direction. Waste from the blood diffuses through the semipermeable
peritoneal dialy- membrane separating the blood from the dialysate.
sis.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a solution of water
What are some and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the membrane
WGU pathophysiology D236
SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bt3eyn
1. What is Starling's Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There
Law of Capillary are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure
forces? (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic
pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
How does this ex-
plain why a nutri- Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
tionally deficient pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause
child would have water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute
edema? the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a
nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter
the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
2. How does the A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn
RAAS begins to secrete renin.
(Renin-An-
giotensin-Aldos- Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to
terone System) Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin II by the enzyme
result in
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arte-
increased blood
rial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
volume and
increased blood
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which
pressure?
acts to increase sodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while
also increased potassium secretion in urine.
3. How can hyper- Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers
kalemia lead to to potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
cardiac arrest?
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low
and muscle weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms.
, WGU pathophysiology D236
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bt3eyn
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can
cause a heart attack
4. The body uses Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes.
the Protein Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein
Buffering Sys- (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
tem, Phosphate
Buffering Sys-
tem, and Car-
bonic Acid-Bicar-
bonate System
to regulate and
maintain homeo-
static pH, what is
the consequence
of a pH imbal-
ance
5. Describe the lab- Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg
oratory findings PO2: 90-100 mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
associated with
metabolic acido- Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher =
sis, metabolic al- acidosis and lower = alkalosis
kalosis, respira-
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal
tory acidosis and
CO2 levels. This could include toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI
respiratory alka-
losses.
losis. (ie relative
pH and CO2 lev-
Here are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or metabolic in nature.
els).
-If pH and PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that
are causing the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
, WGU pathophysiology D236
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bt3eyn
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the imbalance
is metabolic in nature.
6. The anion gap The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.
is the difference
between mea- Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions,
sured cations which remove HCO3- (a measured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+ and
(Na+ and K+) and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
measured anions
(Cl- and HCO3-),
this calculation
can be useful in
determining the
cause of meta-
bolic acidosis.
Why would an
increased anion
gap be observed
in diabetic ke-
toacidosis or lac-
tic acidosis?
7. Why is it im- Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the cells.
portant to main- Cells use glucose to produce energy (ATP).
tain a homeosta-
tic balance of glu- In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the pancreas is signaled
cose in the blood to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and
(ie describe the initiates the uptake of glucose.
pathogenesis of
Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the blood, it can start to bind to
diabetes)?
other proteins and lipids, which can lead to loss of function.
, WGU pathophysiology D236
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bt3eyn
AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a result of glucose reacting
with the endothelial lining, which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys.
8. Compare and Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will
contrast Type I not be taken into the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type
and Type II Dia- I is usually treated with insulin injections.
betes
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The insulin
receptors are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization to insulin (met-
formin), dietary and life-style changes or insulin injections.
9. Describe some AEIOU-acidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion, overload, uremia. Patients
reasons for a with kidney or heart failure.
patient needing
dialysis A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed from the blood using
a semi-permeable membrane and dialysate.
AEIOU:
A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
10. Compare and Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in one tube while
contrast he- dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in
modialysis and the opposite direction. Waste from the blood diffuses through the semipermeable
peritoneal dialy- membrane separating the blood from the dialysate.
sis.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a solution of water
What are some and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the membrane
