,The Ultimate Pathophysiology Practice Book:
Huether & McCance 7th Ed. Test Bank
Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Alterations in Immunity NEW
9. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
10. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
11. Biology of Cancer
12. Cancer Epidemiology
13. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
14. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
15. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
16. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
17. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
18. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
19. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
20. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
21. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
22. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
23. Alterations of Hematologic Function
24. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
,Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
25. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
26. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
27. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
28. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
29. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
30. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
31. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
32. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
33. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
34. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
35. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
36. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
37. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
38. Alterations of Digestive Function
39. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
40. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
41. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
42. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
43. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
44. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,1. Which of the following features distinguishes prokaryotes
from eukaryotes? A. Presence of membrane-bound nucleus B.
Presence of mitochondria C. Linear DNA molecules D.
Cytoskeletal elements
Correct Answer: A Rationale: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-
bound nucleus, whereas eukaryotes have one. Mitochondria
and linear DNA are eukaryotic, and cytoskeleton is
characteristic of eukaryotes.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
2. Which structure is exclusively found in eukaryotic cells and
is the primary site of ATP production? A. Ribosome B.
Mitochondrion C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Mitochondria, found only in
eukaryotes, produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Ribosomes, ER, and Golgi are not the main ATP-generating
organelles.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. Which cellular function involves the synthesis of proteins
from amino acids? A. Glycolysis B. Transcription C. Translation
D. Replication
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Translation is the process of
assembling amino acids into proteins at ribosomes.
Transcription produces RNA, replication duplicates DNA, and
glycolysis metabolizes glucose.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
,4. Damage to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes
would primarily impair which process? A. Steroid hormone
synthesis B. Protein glycosylation C. Lipid droplet formation D.
Detoxification of drugs
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The rough ER is studded with
ribosomes and functions in protein synthesis and glycosylation.
Steroid synthesis and detoxification occur in smooth ER.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
5. Which junction prevents passage of molecules between
epithelial cells? A. Gap junction B. Tight junction C.
Desmosome D. Adherens junction
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Tight junctions seal adjacent
epithelial cells, preventing paracellular transport. Gap junctions
permit ion flow, desmosomes provide mechanical strength,
adherens junctions link actin filaments.
Section Reference: 1.4.1 Tight and Adherens Junctions
6. In response to a growth factor binding its receptor, which
intracellular event is most likely to occur? A. Opening of
voltage-gated channels B. Activation of G-protein–coupled
receptor C. Autophosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinase D.
Increase in membrane fluidity
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Many growth factors bind
receptor tyrosine kinases, inducing autophosphorylation and
signal transduction cascades.
,Section Reference: 1.5 Cellular Communication and Signal
Transduction
7. Which pathway describes ATP generation in the absence of
oxygen? A. Krebs cycle B. Oxidative phosphorylation C.
Anaerobic glycolysis D. Beta-oxidation
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Anaerobic glycolysis generates
ATP without oxygen, converting pyruvate to lactate. The Krebs
cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are aerobic, beta-oxidation
degrades fatty acids.
Section Reference: 1.6.1 Glycolysis
8. The sodium-potassium pump moves three Na+ out and two
K+ in per ATP. What type of transport is this? A. Secondary
active transport B. Primary active transport C. Facilitated
diffusion D. Simple diffusion
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The Na+/K+-ATPase directly uses
ATP to move ions against gradients, qualifying as primary active
transport.
Section Reference: 1.7.1 Primary and Secondary Transport
Mechanisms
9. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis
occur? A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. M
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The S phase is characterized by
DNA replication. G1 and G2 are growth phases, and M is
mitosis.
Section Reference: 1.8.1 Cell Cycle Phases
,10. Which tissue type is specialized for contraction? A.
Nervous B. Epithelial C. Connective D. Muscle
Correct Answer: D Rationale: Muscle tissue is specialized to
contract and generate force.
Section Reference: 1.9 Tissues
11. Which prokaryotic structure provides genetic variation
through exchange of plasmids? A. Capsule B. Pilus C. Flagellum
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Pili mediate conjugation,
exchanging plasmids between bacteria.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
12. Which organelle detoxifies hydrogen peroxide by
converting it to water and O2? A. Lysosome B. Peroxisome C.
Golgi apparatus D. Proteasome
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Peroxisomes contain catalase,
which breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
13. Gap junctions are important for cardiac muscle function
because they: A. Anchor cells to the extracellular matrix B.
Prevent fluid loss C. Allow rapid electrical coupling D. Facilitate
nutrient absorption
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Gap junctions permit ion flow
between cardiomyocytes, enabling synchronized contraction.
Section Reference: 1.4.2 Gap Junctions
,14. A ligand-gated ion channel is an example of which type of
cellular communication? A. Autocrine B. Paracrine C. Direct
receptor-channel coupling D. Hormonal
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Ligand binding directly opens an
ion channel, coupling receptor activation to membrane
potential change.
Section Reference: 1.5 Cellular Communication and Signal
Transduction
15. Which metabolic pathway yields both NADH and FADH2?
A. Glycolysis B. Citric acid cycle C. Pentose phosphate pathway
D. Beta-oxidation
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The citric acid cycle generates
NADH and FADH2 as it oxidizes acetyl-CoA.
Section Reference: 1.6.2 Citric Acid Cycle
16. In cystic fibrosis, mutated CFTR channels impair chloride
transport. CFTR is an example of: A. ATP-gated channel B.
Voltage-gated channel C. Ligand-gated channel D.
Mechanosensitive channel
Correct Answer: A Rationale: CFTR is an ATP-binding cassette
(ABC) transporter functioning as ATP-gated Cl- channel.
Section Reference: 1.7.2 Channel Proteins
17. Which checkpoint ensures all chromosomes are aligned
before anaphase? A. G1/S B. G2/M C. Spindle assembly D. DNA
damage
,Correct Answer: C Rationale: The spindle assembly checkpoint
verifies chromosome alignment on the mitotic spindle.
Section Reference: 1.8.2 Cell Cycle Checkpoints
18. Which connective tissue cell produces collagen? A.
Fibroblast B. Osteoblast C. Adipocyte D. Chondrocyte
Correct Answer: A Rationale: Fibroblasts secrete collagen and
extracellular matrix in connective tissue.
Section Reference: 1.9.1 Connective Tissue
19. Which cytoskeletal element is composed of tubulin and
directs organelle movement? A. Microfilaments B.
Intermediate filaments C. Microtubules D. Desmosomes
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Microtubules are tubulin
polymers that provide tracks for motor proteins and organelle
transport.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Cytoskeleton
20. Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
received from the ER? A. Lysosome B. Golgi apparatus C.
Nucleus D. Endosome
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The Golgi apparatus processes
and directs proteins to their destinations.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
21. Which junction resists mechanical stress by anchoring cells
together? A. Tight junction B. Desmosome C. Gap junction D.
Hemidesmosome
, Correct Answer: B Rationale: Desmosomes connect
intermediate filaments of adjacent cells, providing structural
integrity.
Section Reference: 1.4.1 Tight and Adherens Junctions
22. Which signaling molecule typically traverses the cell
membrane to bind intracellular receptors? A. Insulin B.
Epinephrine C. Thyroid hormone D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Thyroid hormones are lipophilic
and bind cytosolic/nuclear receptors. Insulin and epinephrine
use surface receptors.
Section Reference: 1.5 Cellular Communication and Signal
Transduction
23. During gluconeogenesis, which enzyme bypasses pyruvate
kinase? A. Hexokinase B. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
C. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase D. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Correct Answer: B Rationale: PEP carboxykinase converts
oxaloacetate to PEP, bypassing pyruvate kinase in
gluconeogenesis.
Section Reference: 1.6.3 Gluconeogenesis
24. Which transport process requires binding of two
substrates on opposite sides of the membrane? A. Symport B.
Antiport C. Uniport D. Endocytosis
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Antiporters exchange two
substrates in opposite directions.
Huether & McCance 7th Ed. Test Bank
Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Alterations in Immunity NEW
9. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
10. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
11. Biology of Cancer
12. Cancer Epidemiology
13. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
14. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
15. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
16. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
17. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
18. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
19. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
20. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
21. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
22. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
23. Alterations of Hematologic Function
24. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
,Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
25. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
26. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
27. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
28. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
29. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
30. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
31. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
32. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
33. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
34. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
35. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
36. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
37. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
38. Alterations of Digestive Function
39. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
40. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
41. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
42. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
43. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
44. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,1. Which of the following features distinguishes prokaryotes
from eukaryotes? A. Presence of membrane-bound nucleus B.
Presence of mitochondria C. Linear DNA molecules D.
Cytoskeletal elements
Correct Answer: A Rationale: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-
bound nucleus, whereas eukaryotes have one. Mitochondria
and linear DNA are eukaryotic, and cytoskeleton is
characteristic of eukaryotes.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
2. Which structure is exclusively found in eukaryotic cells and
is the primary site of ATP production? A. Ribosome B.
Mitochondrion C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Mitochondria, found only in
eukaryotes, produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Ribosomes, ER, and Golgi are not the main ATP-generating
organelles.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. Which cellular function involves the synthesis of proteins
from amino acids? A. Glycolysis B. Transcription C. Translation
D. Replication
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Translation is the process of
assembling amino acids into proteins at ribosomes.
Transcription produces RNA, replication duplicates DNA, and
glycolysis metabolizes glucose.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
,4. Damage to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes
would primarily impair which process? A. Steroid hormone
synthesis B. Protein glycosylation C. Lipid droplet formation D.
Detoxification of drugs
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The rough ER is studded with
ribosomes and functions in protein synthesis and glycosylation.
Steroid synthesis and detoxification occur in smooth ER.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
5. Which junction prevents passage of molecules between
epithelial cells? A. Gap junction B. Tight junction C.
Desmosome D. Adherens junction
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Tight junctions seal adjacent
epithelial cells, preventing paracellular transport. Gap junctions
permit ion flow, desmosomes provide mechanical strength,
adherens junctions link actin filaments.
Section Reference: 1.4.1 Tight and Adherens Junctions
6. In response to a growth factor binding its receptor, which
intracellular event is most likely to occur? A. Opening of
voltage-gated channels B. Activation of G-protein–coupled
receptor C. Autophosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinase D.
Increase in membrane fluidity
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Many growth factors bind
receptor tyrosine kinases, inducing autophosphorylation and
signal transduction cascades.
,Section Reference: 1.5 Cellular Communication and Signal
Transduction
7. Which pathway describes ATP generation in the absence of
oxygen? A. Krebs cycle B. Oxidative phosphorylation C.
Anaerobic glycolysis D. Beta-oxidation
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Anaerobic glycolysis generates
ATP without oxygen, converting pyruvate to lactate. The Krebs
cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are aerobic, beta-oxidation
degrades fatty acids.
Section Reference: 1.6.1 Glycolysis
8. The sodium-potassium pump moves three Na+ out and two
K+ in per ATP. What type of transport is this? A. Secondary
active transport B. Primary active transport C. Facilitated
diffusion D. Simple diffusion
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The Na+/K+-ATPase directly uses
ATP to move ions against gradients, qualifying as primary active
transport.
Section Reference: 1.7.1 Primary and Secondary Transport
Mechanisms
9. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis
occur? A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. M
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The S phase is characterized by
DNA replication. G1 and G2 are growth phases, and M is
mitosis.
Section Reference: 1.8.1 Cell Cycle Phases
,10. Which tissue type is specialized for contraction? A.
Nervous B. Epithelial C. Connective D. Muscle
Correct Answer: D Rationale: Muscle tissue is specialized to
contract and generate force.
Section Reference: 1.9 Tissues
11. Which prokaryotic structure provides genetic variation
through exchange of plasmids? A. Capsule B. Pilus C. Flagellum
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Pili mediate conjugation,
exchanging plasmids between bacteria.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
12. Which organelle detoxifies hydrogen peroxide by
converting it to water and O2? A. Lysosome B. Peroxisome C.
Golgi apparatus D. Proteasome
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Peroxisomes contain catalase,
which breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
13. Gap junctions are important for cardiac muscle function
because they: A. Anchor cells to the extracellular matrix B.
Prevent fluid loss C. Allow rapid electrical coupling D. Facilitate
nutrient absorption
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Gap junctions permit ion flow
between cardiomyocytes, enabling synchronized contraction.
Section Reference: 1.4.2 Gap Junctions
,14. A ligand-gated ion channel is an example of which type of
cellular communication? A. Autocrine B. Paracrine C. Direct
receptor-channel coupling D. Hormonal
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Ligand binding directly opens an
ion channel, coupling receptor activation to membrane
potential change.
Section Reference: 1.5 Cellular Communication and Signal
Transduction
15. Which metabolic pathway yields both NADH and FADH2?
A. Glycolysis B. Citric acid cycle C. Pentose phosphate pathway
D. Beta-oxidation
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The citric acid cycle generates
NADH and FADH2 as it oxidizes acetyl-CoA.
Section Reference: 1.6.2 Citric Acid Cycle
16. In cystic fibrosis, mutated CFTR channels impair chloride
transport. CFTR is an example of: A. ATP-gated channel B.
Voltage-gated channel C. Ligand-gated channel D.
Mechanosensitive channel
Correct Answer: A Rationale: CFTR is an ATP-binding cassette
(ABC) transporter functioning as ATP-gated Cl- channel.
Section Reference: 1.7.2 Channel Proteins
17. Which checkpoint ensures all chromosomes are aligned
before anaphase? A. G1/S B. G2/M C. Spindle assembly D. DNA
damage
,Correct Answer: C Rationale: The spindle assembly checkpoint
verifies chromosome alignment on the mitotic spindle.
Section Reference: 1.8.2 Cell Cycle Checkpoints
18. Which connective tissue cell produces collagen? A.
Fibroblast B. Osteoblast C. Adipocyte D. Chondrocyte
Correct Answer: A Rationale: Fibroblasts secrete collagen and
extracellular matrix in connective tissue.
Section Reference: 1.9.1 Connective Tissue
19. Which cytoskeletal element is composed of tubulin and
directs organelle movement? A. Microfilaments B.
Intermediate filaments C. Microtubules D. Desmosomes
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Microtubules are tubulin
polymers that provide tracks for motor proteins and organelle
transport.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Cytoskeleton
20. Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
received from the ER? A. Lysosome B. Golgi apparatus C.
Nucleus D. Endosome
Correct Answer: B Rationale: The Golgi apparatus processes
and directs proteins to their destinations.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
21. Which junction resists mechanical stress by anchoring cells
together? A. Tight junction B. Desmosome C. Gap junction D.
Hemidesmosome
, Correct Answer: B Rationale: Desmosomes connect
intermediate filaments of adjacent cells, providing structural
integrity.
Section Reference: 1.4.1 Tight and Adherens Junctions
22. Which signaling molecule typically traverses the cell
membrane to bind intracellular receptors? A. Insulin B.
Epinephrine C. Thyroid hormone D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Thyroid hormones are lipophilic
and bind cytosolic/nuclear receptors. Insulin and epinephrine
use surface receptors.
Section Reference: 1.5 Cellular Communication and Signal
Transduction
23. During gluconeogenesis, which enzyme bypasses pyruvate
kinase? A. Hexokinase B. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
C. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase D. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Correct Answer: B Rationale: PEP carboxykinase converts
oxaloacetate to PEP, bypassing pyruvate kinase in
gluconeogenesis.
Section Reference: 1.6.3 Gluconeogenesis
24. Which transport process requires binding of two
substrates on opposite sides of the membrane? A. Symport B.
Antiport C. Uniport D. Endocytosis
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Antiporters exchange two
substrates in opposite directions.
