BIO 189 FINAL STUDY GUIDE
ACCURATE QUESTIONS &
SOLUTIONS
aerobic - ANSWER Involving or requiring the presence of oxygen.
aerobic respiration - ANSWER Oxygen-requiring cellular respiration. Includes glycolysis,
the citric acid cycle, and electron transfer phosphorylation.
alcoholic fermentation - ANSWER Fermentation pathway that produces ATP, ethanol,
and CO2.
anaerobic - ANSWER Occurring in (or requiring) the absence of oxygen.
cellular respiration - ANSWER Any of several pathways that break down organic
molecules (typically glucose) to form ATP and include an electron transfer chain.
citric acid cycle - ANSWER Also called the Krebs cycle. Cyclic pathway that dismantles
acetyl-CoA to produce CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
fermentation - ANSWER Any of several anaerobic pathways that break down organic
molecules (typically glucose) to produce ATP without the use of an electron transfer
chain.
glycolysis - ANSWER Set of reactions that collectively convert one molecule of glucose
to two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH. First part of fermentation and
aerobic respiration.
lactate fermentation - ANSWER Fermentation pathway that produces ATP and lactate.
Identify the components of aerobic respiration (equation) - ANSWER C6H12O6 + 6O2
=> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Identify the location of Glycolysis. - ANSWER the cytoplasm
What are the reactants and products of Glycolysis? What is the ATP yield? - ANSWER
reactants: one molecule of glucose
products: two molecules of pyruvate
ATP Yield: two ATP per glucose
Identify the location of Acetyl CoA. - ANSWER mitochondria
, What are the reactants and products of Acetyl CoA formation? What is the ATP yield? -
ANSWER reactant: two pyruvate
product: two Acetyl CoA
ATP Yield: 1
Identify the location of Citric Acid (Kreb's Cycle). - ANSWER the mitochondrial matrix
What are the reactants and products of Citric Acid (Kreb's Cycle)? What is the ATP
yield? - ANSWER reactants: Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate
products: citrate (citric acid)
Identify the location of Oxidative Phosphorylation. - ANSWER the mitochondria
What are the reactants and products of Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport
Chain)? What is the ATP yield? - ANSWER reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, and ADP
products: NAD+, FAD, ATP and H2O
ATP Yield: 24-28
Describe the pathway for the H+ ions and electrons during oxidative phosphorylation. -
ANSWER Hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the inner
mitochondrial membrane through a membrane protein called ATP synthase
What is the final electron acceptor? - ANSWER Oxygen
What powers ATP synthase? - ANSWER proton gradient
Describe ATP formation in terms of fermentation - ANSWER Fermentation begins with
glycolysis which breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces two
ATP (net) and two NADH.
Why does fermentation of glucose yield less ATP than aerobic respiration? - ANSWER
because the end products of fermentation still contain mols of the stored energy of the
starting material. However, the chemical energy stored in lactic acid and ethanol cannot
be harvested without the ability to further oxidize these fermentation end products using
the citric acid cycle and some versions of the electron transport chain. Thus, these end
products are excreted from the cell.
What are the reactants and products of Lactic acid fermentation? - ANSWER
Reactants: pyruvic acid and NADH
Products: lactic acid and NAD+.
primer - ANSWER Short, single strand of DNA or RNA that serves as an attachment
point for DNA polymerase.
ACCURATE QUESTIONS &
SOLUTIONS
aerobic - ANSWER Involving or requiring the presence of oxygen.
aerobic respiration - ANSWER Oxygen-requiring cellular respiration. Includes glycolysis,
the citric acid cycle, and electron transfer phosphorylation.
alcoholic fermentation - ANSWER Fermentation pathway that produces ATP, ethanol,
and CO2.
anaerobic - ANSWER Occurring in (or requiring) the absence of oxygen.
cellular respiration - ANSWER Any of several pathways that break down organic
molecules (typically glucose) to form ATP and include an electron transfer chain.
citric acid cycle - ANSWER Also called the Krebs cycle. Cyclic pathway that dismantles
acetyl-CoA to produce CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
fermentation - ANSWER Any of several anaerobic pathways that break down organic
molecules (typically glucose) to produce ATP without the use of an electron transfer
chain.
glycolysis - ANSWER Set of reactions that collectively convert one molecule of glucose
to two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH. First part of fermentation and
aerobic respiration.
lactate fermentation - ANSWER Fermentation pathway that produces ATP and lactate.
Identify the components of aerobic respiration (equation) - ANSWER C6H12O6 + 6O2
=> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Identify the location of Glycolysis. - ANSWER the cytoplasm
What are the reactants and products of Glycolysis? What is the ATP yield? - ANSWER
reactants: one molecule of glucose
products: two molecules of pyruvate
ATP Yield: two ATP per glucose
Identify the location of Acetyl CoA. - ANSWER mitochondria
, What are the reactants and products of Acetyl CoA formation? What is the ATP yield? -
ANSWER reactant: two pyruvate
product: two Acetyl CoA
ATP Yield: 1
Identify the location of Citric Acid (Kreb's Cycle). - ANSWER the mitochondrial matrix
What are the reactants and products of Citric Acid (Kreb's Cycle)? What is the ATP
yield? - ANSWER reactants: Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate
products: citrate (citric acid)
Identify the location of Oxidative Phosphorylation. - ANSWER the mitochondria
What are the reactants and products of Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport
Chain)? What is the ATP yield? - ANSWER reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, and ADP
products: NAD+, FAD, ATP and H2O
ATP Yield: 24-28
Describe the pathway for the H+ ions and electrons during oxidative phosphorylation. -
ANSWER Hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the inner
mitochondrial membrane through a membrane protein called ATP synthase
What is the final electron acceptor? - ANSWER Oxygen
What powers ATP synthase? - ANSWER proton gradient
Describe ATP formation in terms of fermentation - ANSWER Fermentation begins with
glycolysis which breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules and produces two
ATP (net) and two NADH.
Why does fermentation of glucose yield less ATP than aerobic respiration? - ANSWER
because the end products of fermentation still contain mols of the stored energy of the
starting material. However, the chemical energy stored in lactic acid and ethanol cannot
be harvested without the ability to further oxidize these fermentation end products using
the citric acid cycle and some versions of the electron transport chain. Thus, these end
products are excreted from the cell.
What are the reactants and products of Lactic acid fermentation? - ANSWER
Reactants: pyruvic acid and NADH
Products: lactic acid and NAD+.
primer - ANSWER Short, single strand of DNA or RNA that serves as an attachment
point for DNA polymerase.
