GMS6440 General Medical Physiology Exam Questions And Answers

Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be what type of movement? - ANS involuntarily What is the major muscle type in the GI tract? - ANS smooth muscle T/F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100 mL of water is secreted into the feces - ANS true What is the normal movement of blood flow in the heart? - ANS right atrium right ventricle lung left atrium left ventricle How many lobes does each human lung have? - ANS 2 in the left, 3 in the right Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs? - ANS mostly in the alveoli What are the three main parts of the urinary system? - ANS two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder In which order do filtered wastes travel in the glomerulus? - ANS Bowman's capsule - proximal tube - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct Homeostasis is maintained by which two systems? - ANS Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of many organ systems to maintain homeostasis What determines the specificity of hormone action in the target cells? - ANS receptors What insulates action potential? - ANS Myelin sheath How does action potential propagate faster? - ANS action potential propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node. What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevent ions from readily and freely moving across the membrane? - ANS Lipids (phospholipids) Where is the concentration of [K+] greater? - ANS cytoplasm Movement of water is ___ across a cell's plasma membrane. - ANS passive through a channel Concentration of [Na+] is greater in the: - ANS extracellular fluid For a neutrally charged molecule, active transport means that the molecules move across a membrane: - ANS from low to high concentration What molecule is the source of energy fro primary transport to occur? - ANS ATP (adenosine triphosphate) T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - ANS False T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low concentration to high concentration - ANS true In secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from high to low or low to high concentration? - ANS low to high T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "active" transport - ANS false T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but independently - ANS True At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ANS at the equilibrium What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell membrane? - ANS concentration (chemical) gradient What controls the electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species? - ANS concentration (chemical) gradient What major forces determines the movement of charged electrolytes? - ANS voltage plus chemical concentration gradient Assuming that the membrane's relative permeability to potassium (K+) is very high, what regulates the cellular K+ electrochemical equilibrium potential? - ANS concentration differences across plasma membranes Which ion is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's resting potential? - ANS potassium (K+) Excessive extracellular acid (protons/H+) will do what to the concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration? - ANS raise the concentration Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by what two things? - ANS the relative degree of ion permeability and ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating which condition? - ANS hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma) A normal lean person consists of what % of water? - ANS ~60% Most of the sodium in the body is in what part of the cell? - ANS extracellular fluid What is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluid? - ANS cell wall (plasma membrane separates intracellular and extracellular fluid) What does the capillary separate? - ANS the capillary separates the interstitium and the plasma, both subcompartments of the extracellular fluid To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment what type of substance should we use? - ANS a substance that moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell (ex: inulin) Water and small solutes move across the capillary wall by ___ transport. - ANS Passive - all movement across the capillary wall is passive, driven by hydrostatic an colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressures What determines osmolality? - ANS the total number of particles, irrespective of size T/F: All water movement in and out of the cell is passive - ANS true - it's driven by solute (osmotic) gradients across the cell wall T/F: Sodium (Na+) is effectively impermeable at the cell wall - ANS Ture, any sodium that does enter the cell will be immediately removed by the Na/K ATPase in the cell wall T/F: Eating a meal high in salt, w/o drinking water will lead to an increase in both intracellular and extracellular fluid volume. - ANS False. This is a hypertonic expansion so ingesting NaCl stays extracellular, inc. ECF osmolality, water moves out to restore osmotic equilibrium so decrease in ICFV and increase in ECFV What will happen if pure water is infused IV to a dehydrated person? - ANS water will enter the surrounding cells causing swelling and lysis. The K+ release in the ECF by cell lysis can be fatal. A 5% glucose solution is iso-osmotic to body fluids, so safe to infuse. After metabolism of the glucose this is equivalent to giving pure water. T/F: Negative feedback in the autonomic nervous system requires an afferent signal. - ANS True T/F: Hormones produce physiological action by binding to receptors at their target cells/tissues - ANS True T/F: There are specific receptors for each hormone. - ANS True Where are the receptors for peptide hormones located in target cells? - ANS inside - cytoplasm, nucleus What is another term for GPCR? - ANS seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors. T/F: Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase. - ANS false Activation of ionotropic receptors results in what? - ANS the movement of ions( Ca2+, Na+) into the target cell through a channel in the receptor T/F Ionotropic receptors signal via G proteins - ANS false