GMS-6440 Medical Physiology Exam 1 Rated 100%!!!

What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely moving across the membrane? - ANS Lipids (phospholipids) Where is the concentration of [K+] greater? - ANS In the cytoplasm Across a cell's plasma membrane, movemen of water is a ___________ event. - ANS Passive through a channel. Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater? - ANS In the extracellular fluid. For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means the molecules move across a membrane from? - ANS A low concentration to a higher concentration. What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - ANS ATP (adenosine triphosphate) True of False: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - ANS False. True or False: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low concentration to a compartment of high concentration. - ANS True. Always low to high. True or False: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - ANS False. True or False: All transport through membrane channels is classified "Active" transport. - ANS False. True or False: Electrolytes are pumped and leaked across cell membranes simultaneously but independently. - ANS True. At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ANS At equilibrium. What major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell membrane? - ANS Concentration (chemical) gradient. True or False: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permant ion species is controlled by the concentration gradient. - ANS True. True or False: Movement of a charge electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus chemical concentration gradients. - ANS True. True or False: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by concentration differences across the plasma membranes. - ANS True. Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's resting potential? A. Mg++ B. Na+ C. K+ - ANS K+ True or False: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e. [H+]) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration. - ANS True. True or False: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permeability as well as ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane. - ANS True. True or False: Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma). - ANS True. True or False: A normal lean person consists of 90% water. - ANS False, 60% water. True or False: Most of the sodium in the body is inside the cells. - ANS False, it is extracellular. K+ is intracellular. True or False: The capillary is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. - ANS False. The cell wall, also called the plasma membrane, separates ICF and ECF. The capillary separates the interstitium and the plasma which are both subcompartments of the ECF. True or False: To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance that moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell. - ANS True. An example is insulin. True or False: Water and small solutes move across the capillary wall by active transport. - ANS False. All movement across the capillary wall is PASSIVE. Driven only by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressures. True or False: The osmolality of the body fluids is greater when all the solutes are large. - ANS False. The total number of particles, irrespective of size, determines the osmolality. True or False: All water movement in and out of cell is passive. - ANS True. All water movement is driven by solute (osmotic) gradients across the cell wall. True or False: Sodium (Na) is effectively impermeable at the cell wall. - ANS True. Any Na that does enter the cell will be immediately removed by the Sodium Potassium ATPase in the cell wall. True or False: Eating a meal high in salt, without drinking any water, will lead to an increase in both intracellular and extracellular fluid volume. - ANS False. This is HYPERTONIC expansion. Ingested NaCl stays extracellular, increases the ECF osmolality, H2O moves OUT fo cells to restore osmotic equilibrium. Decrease in ICFV, increase in ECFV. True or False: A pure water solution can safely be infused intravenously to a dehydrated person. - ANS False. True or False. Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target cells/tissues. - ANS True. True or False. There are specific receptors for each hormone. - ANS True. True or False. Receptors for peptide hormones are always on the inside (cytoplasm; nucleus) of target cells. - ANS False. True or False. GPCR are also known as seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors. - ANS True. True or False. Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase. - ANS False. True or False. Activation of ionotropic receptors results in an ion (Ca2+; Na+) moving into the target cell through a channel in the receptor. - ANS True. True or False. Ionotropic receptors signal via G proteins. - ANS False. True or False. Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases are one type of Catalytic Receptor. - ANS True. True or False. Receptors of Thyroid Hormone and steroids are always on the surface (plasma membrane) of target cells. - ANS False. True or False. Dimerization is important for some catalytic receptors, but never for steroid hormone receptors. - ANS False. True or False. The nervous system is usually divided into 3 anatomical components. - ANS False. True or False. Glia are only present in the central nervous system. - ANS False. True or False. The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract is in the medulla oblongata. - ANS True. True or False. The hypothalamus regulates both autonomic and endocrine function. - ANS True. True or False. Afferent nerves transmit information from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system. - ANS False. True or False. The autonomic nervous system has 3 divisions. - ANS True. True or False. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system constricts the airways. - ANS True.