Penn Foster Radiology Proctor
Positioning - answer the way the animal looks when lying on the table ( the side the
animal is on, positioning aids, and if limbs are being pulled)
Landmark - answer parts of the animal that are used to determine whether you are
going to radiographs the whole area of interest
↳ ex: Thorax Radiograph = thoracic inlet and last rib , Abdominal Radiograph = just
cranial to xiphoid and the coxofemoral joint.
Thorax Radiographs should be shot with __ kVP - answer lower kVP
Abdominal Radiographs should be shot with __ kVp. - answer higher kVp.
On a Lateral Thoracic Radiograph, a TRUE LATERAL means - answer the right and left
ribs over the heart will be superimposed to look as one.
The most common error for Abdominal Radiographs is - answer the most common error
is not including the liver (make sure to get the full outline of the diaphragm)
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) - answerEvaluation for hip dysplasia
Animals are normally evaluated at 2 years of age
University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP) - answerDogs can
start to be evaluated at 16 weeks of age and are evaluated for distraction index
(measure of hip laxity = distance the ball can be displaced from the hip socket), Arthritis
and Breed Laxity ranking
The bone rule states - answerthe beam should be centered over the mid-section of the
bone, and it should include the joints at each end of the bone.
The joint rule states - answerall joint radiographs should be centered directly over the
joint and should include approximately one inch of each of the bones that make the
joint.
Thoracic Girdle - answerscapula and clavicle (shoulder)
When should dental radiographs be taken? - answerDental x-rays should be taken after
the cleaning is done
and should also be taken before and after tooth removal - first to determine if a tooth
needs to come out and then once removed to make sure the tooth root was completely
removed.
, How many dental x-rays are needed for the full mouth? - answer~ 8-12
Where is the digital radiography sensor is placed ? - answerIt is placed in the oral cavity
with the crown of the tooth on the sensor edge.
Positioning for dental radiographs - answerPositioning: The patient can be placed in
sternal, lateral, or dorsal recumbency
Parallel Technique - answersimilar to taking a lateral radiograph and is used to image
the mandibular fourth premolars and molars
bisecting angle technique - answerused to image the rest of the teeth by using the plane
of the root of the tooth and the plane of the sensor. The bisecting angle is the line
between the two planes.
Special Equipment for exotics and small animals - answerPositioning boards for birds
Sedation Medications
Special Film or cassettes for finer detail
Plexiglass and making tape for birds
Velcro
Paper Towel roll for pocket pets
How to take large animal pelvis x-rays - answerPelvis views require a recumbent patient
therefore they need full anesthesia to do this safely
Contrast Media - answermaterials that when given to an animal, will help show
structures that are normally hard to see (ex: inside of a tubular organ)
Positive Contrast - answershows up white on a radiograph (blocks x-rays from hitting
the film
Negative Contrast - answershows up black on the film since it readily allows x-rays to
pass through
Before proceeding with the actual contrast study a __needs to be taken to check for
fecal matter and gas, ensure the study still needs to be performed and determine the
technique for the actual contrast study. - answersurvey radiograph
Ultrasound - answerConversion of electrical energy into sound waves. Sound waves are
directed to the patient and reflect in different ways based on what they contact (ex:
Bone vs. fluid vs. muscle)
Sound waves - answercan be described by their frequency in Hz and wavelength
Most ultrasound machines operate at a frequency of between 2 and 15 MHz
Positioning - answer the way the animal looks when lying on the table ( the side the
animal is on, positioning aids, and if limbs are being pulled)
Landmark - answer parts of the animal that are used to determine whether you are
going to radiographs the whole area of interest
↳ ex: Thorax Radiograph = thoracic inlet and last rib , Abdominal Radiograph = just
cranial to xiphoid and the coxofemoral joint.
Thorax Radiographs should be shot with __ kVP - answer lower kVP
Abdominal Radiographs should be shot with __ kVp. - answer higher kVp.
On a Lateral Thoracic Radiograph, a TRUE LATERAL means - answer the right and left
ribs over the heart will be superimposed to look as one.
The most common error for Abdominal Radiographs is - answer the most common error
is not including the liver (make sure to get the full outline of the diaphragm)
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) - answerEvaluation for hip dysplasia
Animals are normally evaluated at 2 years of age
University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP) - answerDogs can
start to be evaluated at 16 weeks of age and are evaluated for distraction index
(measure of hip laxity = distance the ball can be displaced from the hip socket), Arthritis
and Breed Laxity ranking
The bone rule states - answerthe beam should be centered over the mid-section of the
bone, and it should include the joints at each end of the bone.
The joint rule states - answerall joint radiographs should be centered directly over the
joint and should include approximately one inch of each of the bones that make the
joint.
Thoracic Girdle - answerscapula and clavicle (shoulder)
When should dental radiographs be taken? - answerDental x-rays should be taken after
the cleaning is done
and should also be taken before and after tooth removal - first to determine if a tooth
needs to come out and then once removed to make sure the tooth root was completely
removed.
, How many dental x-rays are needed for the full mouth? - answer~ 8-12
Where is the digital radiography sensor is placed ? - answerIt is placed in the oral cavity
with the crown of the tooth on the sensor edge.
Positioning for dental radiographs - answerPositioning: The patient can be placed in
sternal, lateral, or dorsal recumbency
Parallel Technique - answersimilar to taking a lateral radiograph and is used to image
the mandibular fourth premolars and molars
bisecting angle technique - answerused to image the rest of the teeth by using the plane
of the root of the tooth and the plane of the sensor. The bisecting angle is the line
between the two planes.
Special Equipment for exotics and small animals - answerPositioning boards for birds
Sedation Medications
Special Film or cassettes for finer detail
Plexiglass and making tape for birds
Velcro
Paper Towel roll for pocket pets
How to take large animal pelvis x-rays - answerPelvis views require a recumbent patient
therefore they need full anesthesia to do this safely
Contrast Media - answermaterials that when given to an animal, will help show
structures that are normally hard to see (ex: inside of a tubular organ)
Positive Contrast - answershows up white on a radiograph (blocks x-rays from hitting
the film
Negative Contrast - answershows up black on the film since it readily allows x-rays to
pass through
Before proceeding with the actual contrast study a __needs to be taken to check for
fecal matter and gas, ensure the study still needs to be performed and determine the
technique for the actual contrast study. - answersurvey radiograph
Ultrasound - answerConversion of electrical energy into sound waves. Sound waves are
directed to the patient and reflect in different ways based on what they contact (ex:
Bone vs. fluid vs. muscle)
Sound waves - answercan be described by their frequency in Hz and wavelength
Most ultrasound machines operate at a frequency of between 2 and 15 MHz
