Introduction to Nanotechnology
1
Assoc Prof Muhammet S Toprak
FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS DIVISION, ICT SCHOOL – KTH
1 Sep 2014
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
Nanomaterials
2
Nanostructured materials
Nanomaterials
Nanophase materials
Ultrafine particles
! Artificial materials with a microstructure the characteristic length
scale of which is on the order of 1–100 nanometers.
! Exhibit unique size dependant phenomena
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
, Length Scale
3
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
4
Intro to Office
Nanotech
of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy 02/09/14
, Nanotechnology Includes Nanomaterials
5 Nanomembranes
Nanowires
! Any material that has nano-scale features are termed a nanomaterial
Nano-others
Nanoparticles
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
Nanomaterials
6
MOLECULES
Size (approx) Materials
Nanocrystals and clusters 1 - 10 nm Metals, semiconductors, magnetic
(quantum dots) (diam.) materials
Other nanoparticles 1 – 100 nm (diam.) Ceramic oxides nanoparticles
Nanowires 1 – 100 nm (diam.) Metals, semiconductors, oxides, sulfides,
nitrides
Nanotubes 1 – 100 nm (diam.) Carbon, layered metal chalcogenides
Nanoporous solids 0.5-10 nm (pore Zeolites, phosphates
diam.)
nanowires
2D arrays (of Several nm2 – µm2 Metals, semiconductors, magnetic
nanoparticles) materials
Surfaces and thin films 1-100 nm (thickness) A variety of materials
3D structures Several nm in the Metals, semiconductors, magnetic
(superlattices) three dimensions materials
BULK MATERIALS films
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
, Surface Atoms Interact more with the Environment
7
Light
Temperature
Heat
Cold Sound
The$forms$of$energy$that$affect$us$in$the$environment$can$affect$
molecules.$
Energy comes from the environment to affect molecular nature.
Since more molecules are on the surface, the effect is more pronounced.
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
Size Dependant Properties
8
Properties Examples
Catalytic Better catalytic efficiency through higher surface-to-volume ratio
Electrical Increased electrical conductivity in ceramics and ceramic nanocomposites,
increased electric resistance in metals.
Magnetic Increased magnetic coercivity up to a critical grain size, superparamagnetism
Mechanical Improved hardness and toughness of metals and alloys, ductility and
superplasticity of ceramics
Optical Spectral shift of optical absorption and fluorescence properties, incresed
quantum efficiency of semiconductor nanoctystals
Biological Increased permeability through bilological barriers (membranes, blood-brain
barrier, etc.)
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
1
Assoc Prof Muhammet S Toprak
FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS DIVISION, ICT SCHOOL – KTH
1 Sep 2014
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
Nanomaterials
2
Nanostructured materials
Nanomaterials
Nanophase materials
Ultrafine particles
! Artificial materials with a microstructure the characteristic length
scale of which is on the order of 1–100 nanometers.
! Exhibit unique size dependant phenomena
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
, Length Scale
3
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
4
Intro to Office
Nanotech
of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy 02/09/14
, Nanotechnology Includes Nanomaterials
5 Nanomembranes
Nanowires
! Any material that has nano-scale features are termed a nanomaterial
Nano-others
Nanoparticles
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
Nanomaterials
6
MOLECULES
Size (approx) Materials
Nanocrystals and clusters 1 - 10 nm Metals, semiconductors, magnetic
(quantum dots) (diam.) materials
Other nanoparticles 1 – 100 nm (diam.) Ceramic oxides nanoparticles
Nanowires 1 – 100 nm (diam.) Metals, semiconductors, oxides, sulfides,
nitrides
Nanotubes 1 – 100 nm (diam.) Carbon, layered metal chalcogenides
Nanoporous solids 0.5-10 nm (pore Zeolites, phosphates
diam.)
nanowires
2D arrays (of Several nm2 – µm2 Metals, semiconductors, magnetic
nanoparticles) materials
Surfaces and thin films 1-100 nm (thickness) A variety of materials
3D structures Several nm in the Metals, semiconductors, magnetic
(superlattices) three dimensions materials
BULK MATERIALS films
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
, Surface Atoms Interact more with the Environment
7
Light
Temperature
Heat
Cold Sound
The$forms$of$energy$that$affect$us$in$the$environment$can$affect$
molecules.$
Energy comes from the environment to affect molecular nature.
Since more molecules are on the surface, the effect is more pronounced.
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
Size Dependant Properties
8
Properties Examples
Catalytic Better catalytic efficiency through higher surface-to-volume ratio
Electrical Increased electrical conductivity in ceramics and ceramic nanocomposites,
increased electric resistance in metals.
Magnetic Increased magnetic coercivity up to a critical grain size, superparamagnetism
Mechanical Improved hardness and toughness of metals and alloys, ductility and
superplasticity of ceramics
Optical Spectral shift of optical absorption and fluorescence properties, incresed
quantum efficiency of semiconductor nanoctystals
Biological Increased permeability through bilological barriers (membranes, blood-brain
barrier, etc.)
Intro to Nanotech 02/09/14
