NR507 / NR 507 (Latest Update )
Advanced Pathophysiology | Exam Review Questions
With Verified Answers| 100% Correct | Grade A -
Chamberlain
What are two common causes of hypovolemia --answer ;dehydration
and hemorrhage
Afterload --answer ;the amount of resistance to open the semilunar
valves and eject of blood from the ventricle
what influences afterload (3) --answer ;ventricle wall thickness
(muscle strength)
arterial pressure (resistance to ejection)
ventricle chamber size (blood volume capacity)
what can cause an increase in afterload --answer ;systemic
hypertension
valve disease
COPD (pulmonary hypertension)
what can decrease afterload --answer ;hypotension or vasodilation
what influences cardiac contractility (inotropic state) --answer ;levels
of electrolytes
High levels of ATP
,level of oxygen available
synchronous muscle contraction
What electrolytes are used for cardiac muscle contraction? --answer
;sodium potassium and calcium
What increases cardiac muscle contraction --answer ;sympathetic
stimulation; fear anxiety and increased thyroxine
what decreases cardiac muscle contraction --answer ;low ATP levels;
ischemia hypoxia or acidosis
Stimulation of what set a resting HR (chronotropic state) --answer
;parasympathetic system
what stimulates the parasympathetic system --answer ;the vagus
nerve
What does the parasympathetic system do? --answer ;It releases
acetycholine which decreases heart rate and causes vasodilation
What can extreme vagal response result in? --answer ;life threatening
bradycardia
What mediates the sympathetic system --answer ;epinephrine and
norepinephrine
What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system --
answer ;vasoconstriction and increased HR
What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? --answer ;reduced stroke
volume and fatigue
, What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle? --answer ;diastole and
systole
What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles --answer
;gravity and atriole systole
What causes the S1 heart sound? --answer ;Bicuspid/Mitral and
Tricuspid valves closing
What are the atrioventricular valves? --answer ;tricuspid and bicuspid
(mitral) valves
What are the semilunar valves? --answer ;pulmonary and aortic
valves
What causes the semilunar valves to open? --answer ;As ventricles
contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against
the SL valves, forcing them to open
ejection fraction --answer ;measurement of the volume percentage
of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
What causes the semilunar valves to close? --answer ;ventricles relax
and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries,
and fill the cusps of the semilunar valves
What causes the S2 heart sound? --answer ;closing of semilunar
(aortic and pulmonary) valves
What prevents the backflow into the ventricles --answer ;semilunar
valves
Advanced Pathophysiology | Exam Review Questions
With Verified Answers| 100% Correct | Grade A -
Chamberlain
What are two common causes of hypovolemia --answer ;dehydration
and hemorrhage
Afterload --answer ;the amount of resistance to open the semilunar
valves and eject of blood from the ventricle
what influences afterload (3) --answer ;ventricle wall thickness
(muscle strength)
arterial pressure (resistance to ejection)
ventricle chamber size (blood volume capacity)
what can cause an increase in afterload --answer ;systemic
hypertension
valve disease
COPD (pulmonary hypertension)
what can decrease afterload --answer ;hypotension or vasodilation
what influences cardiac contractility (inotropic state) --answer ;levels
of electrolytes
High levels of ATP
,level of oxygen available
synchronous muscle contraction
What electrolytes are used for cardiac muscle contraction? --answer
;sodium potassium and calcium
What increases cardiac muscle contraction --answer ;sympathetic
stimulation; fear anxiety and increased thyroxine
what decreases cardiac muscle contraction --answer ;low ATP levels;
ischemia hypoxia or acidosis
Stimulation of what set a resting HR (chronotropic state) --answer
;parasympathetic system
what stimulates the parasympathetic system --answer ;the vagus
nerve
What does the parasympathetic system do? --answer ;It releases
acetycholine which decreases heart rate and causes vasodilation
What can extreme vagal response result in? --answer ;life threatening
bradycardia
What mediates the sympathetic system --answer ;epinephrine and
norepinephrine
What does the sympathetic system promote in the cardiac system --
answer ;vasoconstriction and increased HR
What can uncontrolled tachycardia lead to? --answer ;reduced stroke
volume and fatigue
, What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle? --answer ;diastole and
systole
What causes blood to move from the atria to the ventricles --answer
;gravity and atriole systole
What causes the S1 heart sound? --answer ;Bicuspid/Mitral and
Tricuspid valves closing
What are the atrioventricular valves? --answer ;tricuspid and bicuspid
(mitral) valves
What are the semilunar valves? --answer ;pulmonary and aortic
valves
What causes the semilunar valves to open? --answer ;As ventricles
contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against
the SL valves, forcing them to open
ejection fraction --answer ;measurement of the volume percentage
of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
What causes the semilunar valves to close? --answer ;ventricles relax
and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries,
and fill the cusps of the semilunar valves
What causes the S2 heart sound? --answer ;closing of semilunar
(aortic and pulmonary) valves
What prevents the backflow into the ventricles --answer ;semilunar
valves
