WCU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Hypovolemic Shock Cause - ANS - inadequate circulating blood volume
- low CO and intercardiac pressures lead to SNS activation
- loss of fluids
- similar to hemorrhagic shocks
Having an inadequate circulating blood volume is due to? - ANS - hemorrhage
- burns
- dehydration
- leakage of fluid into interstitial spaces
Cardiogenic Shock Cause - ANS - low Cardiac Output (CO)
- usually a result of severe ventricular dysfunction due to MI
- S3 heart sounds (murmur)
- pulmonary edema
- increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
Neurogenic Shock Cause - ANS - nerves are dilated
- nerves are not working (denervated)
- loss of sympathetic activation of arteriolar smooth muscle
- medullary depression (brain injury, drug overdose) or lesions of sympathetic nerve fibers
(spinal cord injury)
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,- trauma
ARDS Causes - ANS - associated with septic shock
- development of refractory hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, radiographic
evidence of pulmonary edema
- neutrophils release proteolytic enzymes, produce oxygen free radicals, and secrete
inflammatory chemicals that make pulmonary capillaries leaky
ARDS - ANS - lung inflammation
- lung injury
- alveoli injury
Treatment of Hemorrhagic Stroke - ANS - cardiovascular (CV) stabilization
- blood pressure management, Intracranial Pressure (ICP) monitoring and management
- keep ICP lower than systemic pressure
- no blood thinners
Hemorrhagic Stroke Cause - ANS - subarachnoid space
- migraine
- severe chronic hypertension
- 2nd degree injury
- associated with morbidity
- higher chance of dying (mortality)
- most occur in basal ganglia or thalamus
Causes of Ischemic Stroke - ANS sudden blockage or closing of cerebral artery secondary to
thrombus formation or emboli
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, Treatment of Ischemic Stroke - ANS - minimizing infarction size
- preserving neurologic function
Mitral Stenosis - ANS - blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle is impaired due to
tightened mitral valve
- increased left atrial pressure leads to left atrial hypertrophy/enlargement
- blood backs up into lungs
Mitral Stenosis can eventually lead to failure of? - ANS right side of heart
What sound does Mitral Stenosis cause? - ANS low pitched rumbling diastolic murmur
Cyanotic Congenital Defects - ANS - disorders that result in right to left shunt
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Transposition of Great Arteries
- Truncus Arteriosus
- Tricuspid Atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot - ANS - Ventricular Septal Defect
- Overarching Aorta
- Pulmonary Stenosis
- Right Side Heart Hypertrophy
Transposition of Great Arteries - ANS - aorta and pulmonary artery switched
- aorta connected to right atrium
- pulmonary artery connected to left atrium
- two circulations formed: oxygen rich and oxygen poor
COPYRIGHT © 2025 THESTAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Hypovolemic Shock Cause - ANS - inadequate circulating blood volume
- low CO and intercardiac pressures lead to SNS activation
- loss of fluids
- similar to hemorrhagic shocks
Having an inadequate circulating blood volume is due to? - ANS - hemorrhage
- burns
- dehydration
- leakage of fluid into interstitial spaces
Cardiogenic Shock Cause - ANS - low Cardiac Output (CO)
- usually a result of severe ventricular dysfunction due to MI
- S3 heart sounds (murmur)
- pulmonary edema
- increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
Neurogenic Shock Cause - ANS - nerves are dilated
- nerves are not working (denervated)
- loss of sympathetic activation of arteriolar smooth muscle
- medullary depression (brain injury, drug overdose) or lesions of sympathetic nerve fibers
(spinal cord injury)
COPYRIGHT © 2025 THESTAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,- trauma
ARDS Causes - ANS - associated with septic shock
- development of refractory hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, radiographic
evidence of pulmonary edema
- neutrophils release proteolytic enzymes, produce oxygen free radicals, and secrete
inflammatory chemicals that make pulmonary capillaries leaky
ARDS - ANS - lung inflammation
- lung injury
- alveoli injury
Treatment of Hemorrhagic Stroke - ANS - cardiovascular (CV) stabilization
- blood pressure management, Intracranial Pressure (ICP) monitoring and management
- keep ICP lower than systemic pressure
- no blood thinners
Hemorrhagic Stroke Cause - ANS - subarachnoid space
- migraine
- severe chronic hypertension
- 2nd degree injury
- associated with morbidity
- higher chance of dying (mortality)
- most occur in basal ganglia or thalamus
Causes of Ischemic Stroke - ANS sudden blockage or closing of cerebral artery secondary to
thrombus formation or emboli
COPYRIGHT © 2025 THESTAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Treatment of Ischemic Stroke - ANS - minimizing infarction size
- preserving neurologic function
Mitral Stenosis - ANS - blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle is impaired due to
tightened mitral valve
- increased left atrial pressure leads to left atrial hypertrophy/enlargement
- blood backs up into lungs
Mitral Stenosis can eventually lead to failure of? - ANS right side of heart
What sound does Mitral Stenosis cause? - ANS low pitched rumbling diastolic murmur
Cyanotic Congenital Defects - ANS - disorders that result in right to left shunt
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Transposition of Great Arteries
- Truncus Arteriosus
- Tricuspid Atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot - ANS - Ventricular Septal Defect
- Overarching Aorta
- Pulmonary Stenosis
- Right Side Heart Hypertrophy
Transposition of Great Arteries - ANS - aorta and pulmonary artery switched
- aorta connected to right atrium
- pulmonary artery connected to left atrium
- two circulations formed: oxygen rich and oxygen poor
COPYRIGHT © 2025 THESTAR ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
