Exit HESI (Pediatrics, Maternity)
Erikson stages of psychosocial development -
-Trust vs. Mistrust
-Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
-Initiative vs. Guilt
-Industry vs. Inferiority
-Identity vs. Role Confusion
-Intimacy vs. Isolation
-Generativity vs. Stagnation
-Integrity vs. Despair
Piaget stages of cognitive development -
-Sensorimotor period
-Preoperational thought
-Concrete operation
-Formal operation
When does an infant's birth length double? -
By 4 years
When does a child sit unsupported? -
8 months
When does a child achieve 50% of adult height -
2 years
When does a child throw a ball overhand? -
18 months
When does a child speak two to three word sentences -
2 years
When does a child use scissors? -
4 years
When does a child tie his or her shoes? -
5 years
When does a girl's growth spurt during adolescence occur? -
As early as 10 years of age, and it occurs earlier in girls than boys
Toddler behavior -
Temper tantrums are normal and are considered average behavior
Is rebellion against family values normal behavior for an adolescent? -
1
, Yes. It is while they are forming their own identity
Why is knowledge of normal growth and development important? -
It is used to evaluate interventions and therapy. For example, what behavior would
indicate that thyroid hormone therapy for a 4-month-old is effective? You must know which
milestones are accomplished by a 4-month-old (i.e. he has steady head control)
Age range of an infant -
Birth to 1 year
Age range of a toddler -
1 to 3 years
Age range of a preschool child -
3 to 6 years
Age range of a school-age child -
6 to 12 years
Age range of an adolescent -
12 to 19 years
Use facts and principles related to growth and development in planning teaching interventions. -
Example: What task could a 5-year-old boy with diabetes expect to accomplish by
himself? One thing may be to let him choose the injection sites. This is possible for a preschooler to
do and gives him a sense of control
Tanner stages of pubertal development -
Girls: breast changes, rapid increase in height and weight, growth of pubic hair,
menstruation, appearance of axillary hair, abrupt deceleration of linear growth
Boys: enlargement of testicles, growth of pubic hair/axillary hair/facial hair/body hair, rapid
increase in height, changes in larynx and voice, nocturnal emissions, abrupt deceleration of linear
growth
Age groups' concept of bodily image -
-Infants: after 6 months, their cognitive development allows them to remember pain
-Toddlers: they fear intrusive procedures
-Preschoolers: they fear bodily mutilation
-School-age children: they fear loss of control of their bodies
-Adolescents: their major concern is change in body image
Major cause of death in children and adolescents -
Accidents; teach parents and children developmentally appropriate safety and
accident-prevention techniques
History required for vaccine administration -
2
, DTaP: history of reactions, seizures, neurologic symptoms after previous vaccine, or
systemic allergic reactions
MMR: history of anaphylactic reaction to eggs or neomycin
Note: the common cold is not a contraindication for vaccinations
Immunization teaching to parents -
-Irritability, fever of 102ºF, redness and soreness at injection site for 2-3 days are
normal side effects of DTaP and IPV
-Call HCP if seizures, high fever, or high-pitched crying occurs
-Warm washcloth on thigh injection and "bicycling" the legs with each diaper change decreases
soreness
-Tylenol every 4-6 hours
German measles (Rubella) -
Nurse should counsel expectant mothers because any child with this disease poses a
threat to their unborn siblings
Pediculosis -
Infestation of lice (head lice usually), which affects the scalp and hair. Appears as
small white flakes on the shaft of the hair. Treatment is directed toward killing the adult lice,
combing out the nits, and using a hair product containing permethrin or pyrethin
Urinary output for infants and children -
Should be 1 to 2 mL/kg/hr
Poisoning or ingestion in children -
Syrup of ipecac is no longer recommended. It is not best practice to induce vomiting
in any way because it may cause more damage. Teach parents to call poison control center for any
concerns
To prevent lead poisoning -
Make sure the child is getting adequate iron intake to prevent excess lead absorption.
More lead is absorbed on an empty stomach. Hot water can contain higher levels of lead because it
dissolves more quickly that cold water. Only use cold water for consumption (drinking, cooking,
and making infant formulas)
What measurements in children reflect present nutritional status? -
Weight, skin-fold thickness, and arm circumference
Early signs of lead poisoning -
Anemia, acute cramping, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, anorexia, headache,
lethargy, hyperactivity, aggression, impulsiveness, decreased interest in play, irritability, short
attention span
Cystic fibrosis nutrition -
A child needs 150% of the usual calorie intake for normal growth and development
Epiglottitis -
3
Erikson stages of psychosocial development -
-Trust vs. Mistrust
-Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
-Initiative vs. Guilt
-Industry vs. Inferiority
-Identity vs. Role Confusion
-Intimacy vs. Isolation
-Generativity vs. Stagnation
-Integrity vs. Despair
Piaget stages of cognitive development -
-Sensorimotor period
-Preoperational thought
-Concrete operation
-Formal operation
When does an infant's birth length double? -
By 4 years
When does a child sit unsupported? -
8 months
When does a child achieve 50% of adult height -
2 years
When does a child throw a ball overhand? -
18 months
When does a child speak two to three word sentences -
2 years
When does a child use scissors? -
4 years
When does a child tie his or her shoes? -
5 years
When does a girl's growth spurt during adolescence occur? -
As early as 10 years of age, and it occurs earlier in girls than boys
Toddler behavior -
Temper tantrums are normal and are considered average behavior
Is rebellion against family values normal behavior for an adolescent? -
1
, Yes. It is while they are forming their own identity
Why is knowledge of normal growth and development important? -
It is used to evaluate interventions and therapy. For example, what behavior would
indicate that thyroid hormone therapy for a 4-month-old is effective? You must know which
milestones are accomplished by a 4-month-old (i.e. he has steady head control)
Age range of an infant -
Birth to 1 year
Age range of a toddler -
1 to 3 years
Age range of a preschool child -
3 to 6 years
Age range of a school-age child -
6 to 12 years
Age range of an adolescent -
12 to 19 years
Use facts and principles related to growth and development in planning teaching interventions. -
Example: What task could a 5-year-old boy with diabetes expect to accomplish by
himself? One thing may be to let him choose the injection sites. This is possible for a preschooler to
do and gives him a sense of control
Tanner stages of pubertal development -
Girls: breast changes, rapid increase in height and weight, growth of pubic hair,
menstruation, appearance of axillary hair, abrupt deceleration of linear growth
Boys: enlargement of testicles, growth of pubic hair/axillary hair/facial hair/body hair, rapid
increase in height, changes in larynx and voice, nocturnal emissions, abrupt deceleration of linear
growth
Age groups' concept of bodily image -
-Infants: after 6 months, their cognitive development allows them to remember pain
-Toddlers: they fear intrusive procedures
-Preschoolers: they fear bodily mutilation
-School-age children: they fear loss of control of their bodies
-Adolescents: their major concern is change in body image
Major cause of death in children and adolescents -
Accidents; teach parents and children developmentally appropriate safety and
accident-prevention techniques
History required for vaccine administration -
2
, DTaP: history of reactions, seizures, neurologic symptoms after previous vaccine, or
systemic allergic reactions
MMR: history of anaphylactic reaction to eggs or neomycin
Note: the common cold is not a contraindication for vaccinations
Immunization teaching to parents -
-Irritability, fever of 102ºF, redness and soreness at injection site for 2-3 days are
normal side effects of DTaP and IPV
-Call HCP if seizures, high fever, or high-pitched crying occurs
-Warm washcloth on thigh injection and "bicycling" the legs with each diaper change decreases
soreness
-Tylenol every 4-6 hours
German measles (Rubella) -
Nurse should counsel expectant mothers because any child with this disease poses a
threat to their unborn siblings
Pediculosis -
Infestation of lice (head lice usually), which affects the scalp and hair. Appears as
small white flakes on the shaft of the hair. Treatment is directed toward killing the adult lice,
combing out the nits, and using a hair product containing permethrin or pyrethin
Urinary output for infants and children -
Should be 1 to 2 mL/kg/hr
Poisoning or ingestion in children -
Syrup of ipecac is no longer recommended. It is not best practice to induce vomiting
in any way because it may cause more damage. Teach parents to call poison control center for any
concerns
To prevent lead poisoning -
Make sure the child is getting adequate iron intake to prevent excess lead absorption.
More lead is absorbed on an empty stomach. Hot water can contain higher levels of lead because it
dissolves more quickly that cold water. Only use cold water for consumption (drinking, cooking,
and making infant formulas)
What measurements in children reflect present nutritional status? -
Weight, skin-fold thickness, and arm circumference
Early signs of lead poisoning -
Anemia, acute cramping, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, anorexia, headache,
lethargy, hyperactivity, aggression, impulsiveness, decreased interest in play, irritability, short
attention span
Cystic fibrosis nutrition -
A child needs 150% of the usual calorie intake for normal growth and development
Epiglottitis -
3
