BIOL 252 Final UNC exam with correct
answers
pressure| is| between| 90-120.| Myogenic| stretch| receptors| detect| changes| and| afferent| arteriole|
contracts| or| stretches.| If| blood| pressure| decreases,| arterioles| dilate| to| let| in| more| blood.
Extrinsic| Regulation| of| glomerular| filtration| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Hormones,| sympathetic| nervous|
system.| Occurs| when| blood| pressure| is| less| than| 90mmHg.| norepinephrine,| epinephrine| via| adrenal|
medulla.| Leads| to| constriction| of| afferent| arteriole| and| inhibition| of| filtration.
Osmolality| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-number| of| solutes| in| 1| kg| of| water.
Osmolality| of| blood| plasma| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-300| mosm
downward| loop| of| Henle| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-permeable| to| H2O
upward| loop| of| henle| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-permeable| to| ions.
What| diffuses| out| of| the| loops| of| Henle| as| it| goes| up| the| loop?| How| does| it| leave?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-NaCl.| By| way| of| active| transport.
What| carries| water| and| NaCl| away| from| loops| of| henle| to| bloodstream?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
vasa| recta
When| blood| pressure| is| high,| collecting| ducts| do| what?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Collecting| ducts|
become| impermeable| to| water.| Aquaporins| are| removed| from| tubule.| Urine| becomes| more| dilute.|
Water| is| not| needed| in| blood| vessels.
What| happens| when| osmolality| is| high?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Osmoreceptors| in| thirst| center|
make| us| thirsty.
What| also| happens| when| osmolality| is| high?| What| hormone| is| released?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
Hypothalamus| releases| anti-diuretic-hormone| from| posterior| pituitary.
DCT| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Distal| convoluted| tubule.| Between| loop| of| henle| and| collecting| ducts.
Path| of| filtrate| through| kidneys| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-renal| corpuscle,| proximal| tubule,| nephron|
loop,| distal| convoluted| tubule,| collecting| duct
How| much| material| do| the| kidneys| filter| per| day?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-180| L.| Only| 1.5L| are|
excreted.
What| is| the| filtration| membrane| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Membrane| around| glomerulus| that| material|
can| easily| pass| through.| Filtration| regulated| by| intrinsic| (auto| regulation)| and| extrinsic| (hormones,|
sympathetic| nervous| system)| sources.
, What| happens| when| systemic| BP| is| too| low?| Hint,| it| involves| hormones.| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
Sympathetic| nervous| system| tells| adrenal| medulla| to| release| norepinephrine| and| epinephrine.|
Afferent| arterioles| are| constricted.| Filtration| inhibited.
Sodium| is| transported| from| tubule| lumen| to| interstitial| fluid| via| what?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
primary| active| transport
glucose,| amino| acids,| and| other| nutrients| move| from| lumen| to| interstitial| fluid| via| what?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-cotransport| with| sodium.
Material| is| filtered| in| proximal| convoluted| tubule.| Blood| stream| is| reabsorbing| what| things| at| this|
time?| Does| osmolality| remain| the| same| at| beginning| and| end| of| proximal| tubule?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-NaCl| (primary| active| transport),| water| (aquaporins),| glucose,| amino| acids,| other|
nutrients| (cotransport).| Osmolality| remains| the| same| at| 300| mosm.
After| proximal| convulted| tubule,| where| is| material| concentrated| and| filtered| even| more?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-loops| of| henle.
Medullary| gradient| exists| in| kidneys.| Does| it| get| higher| or| lower| as| you| move| deeper| into| the|
medulla?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Osmolality| increases| as| you| move| deeper| into| medulla.
How| is| medullary| gradient| maintained?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Material| pumped| out| of| renal|
corpuscle| and| renal| tubule| is| removed| via| vasa| recta
After| end| of| loops| of| henle,| how| much| water| and| NaCl| has| been| reabsorbed?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-80%,| 90%.
How| does| ADH| affect| DCTs| and| collecting| ducts?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-places| aquaporins| on| DCTs|
and| collecting| ducts| to| retain| water| and| have| it| flow| out| of| filtrate.
What| hormone| is| released| to| promote| reabsorption| of| NaCl?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-aldosterone.|
Creates| active| sodium| pumps| on| DCTS| and| collecting| ducts.
Where| is| aldosterone| released| from?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-adrenal| cortex!| Oh| yeah!
What| is| tubular| secretion?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-waste| removed| from| blood| and| added| to| filtrate.
What| is| tubular| reabsorption?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-solutes| removed| from| filtrate| and| added| to|
blood.
What| is| glomerular| filtration?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-creates| plasmalike| filtrate| of| blood.
What| are| the| three| layers| of| smooth| muscle| in| the| stomach?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-longitudinal,|
circular,| and| oblique| muscles.
What| do| cells| lining| the| stomach| secrete?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Mucin
What| is| lining| of| stomach| dotted| with?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Gastric| Pits
What| do| cells| in| the| gastric| gland| secrete| to| the| lumen?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-gastric| juice.| This|
mixed| with| food=| chyme
answers
pressure| is| between| 90-120.| Myogenic| stretch| receptors| detect| changes| and| afferent| arteriole|
contracts| or| stretches.| If| blood| pressure| decreases,| arterioles| dilate| to| let| in| more| blood.
Extrinsic| Regulation| of| glomerular| filtration| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Hormones,| sympathetic| nervous|
system.| Occurs| when| blood| pressure| is| less| than| 90mmHg.| norepinephrine,| epinephrine| via| adrenal|
medulla.| Leads| to| constriction| of| afferent| arteriole| and| inhibition| of| filtration.
Osmolality| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-number| of| solutes| in| 1| kg| of| water.
Osmolality| of| blood| plasma| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-300| mosm
downward| loop| of| Henle| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-permeable| to| H2O
upward| loop| of| henle| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-permeable| to| ions.
What| diffuses| out| of| the| loops| of| Henle| as| it| goes| up| the| loop?| How| does| it| leave?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-NaCl.| By| way| of| active| transport.
What| carries| water| and| NaCl| away| from| loops| of| henle| to| bloodstream?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
vasa| recta
When| blood| pressure| is| high,| collecting| ducts| do| what?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Collecting| ducts|
become| impermeable| to| water.| Aquaporins| are| removed| from| tubule.| Urine| becomes| more| dilute.|
Water| is| not| needed| in| blood| vessels.
What| happens| when| osmolality| is| high?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Osmoreceptors| in| thirst| center|
make| us| thirsty.
What| also| happens| when| osmolality| is| high?| What| hormone| is| released?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
Hypothalamus| releases| anti-diuretic-hormone| from| posterior| pituitary.
DCT| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Distal| convoluted| tubule.| Between| loop| of| henle| and| collecting| ducts.
Path| of| filtrate| through| kidneys| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-renal| corpuscle,| proximal| tubule,| nephron|
loop,| distal| convoluted| tubule,| collecting| duct
How| much| material| do| the| kidneys| filter| per| day?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-180| L.| Only| 1.5L| are|
excreted.
What| is| the| filtration| membrane| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Membrane| around| glomerulus| that| material|
can| easily| pass| through.| Filtration| regulated| by| intrinsic| (auto| regulation)| and| extrinsic| (hormones,|
sympathetic| nervous| system)| sources.
, What| happens| when| systemic| BP| is| too| low?| Hint,| it| involves| hormones.| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
Sympathetic| nervous| system| tells| adrenal| medulla| to| release| norepinephrine| and| epinephrine.|
Afferent| arterioles| are| constricted.| Filtration| inhibited.
Sodium| is| transported| from| tubule| lumen| to| interstitial| fluid| via| what?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
primary| active| transport
glucose,| amino| acids,| and| other| nutrients| move| from| lumen| to| interstitial| fluid| via| what?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-cotransport| with| sodium.
Material| is| filtered| in| proximal| convoluted| tubule.| Blood| stream| is| reabsorbing| what| things| at| this|
time?| Does| osmolality| remain| the| same| at| beginning| and| end| of| proximal| tubule?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-NaCl| (primary| active| transport),| water| (aquaporins),| glucose,| amino| acids,| other|
nutrients| (cotransport).| Osmolality| remains| the| same| at| 300| mosm.
After| proximal| convulted| tubule,| where| is| material| concentrated| and| filtered| even| more?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-loops| of| henle.
Medullary| gradient| exists| in| kidneys.| Does| it| get| higher| or| lower| as| you| move| deeper| into| the|
medulla?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Osmolality| increases| as| you| move| deeper| into| medulla.
How| is| medullary| gradient| maintained?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Material| pumped| out| of| renal|
corpuscle| and| renal| tubule| is| removed| via| vasa| recta
After| end| of| loops| of| henle,| how| much| water| and| NaCl| has| been| reabsorbed?| -| VERIFIED|
ANSWER✔✔-80%,| 90%.
How| does| ADH| affect| DCTs| and| collecting| ducts?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-places| aquaporins| on| DCTs|
and| collecting| ducts| to| retain| water| and| have| it| flow| out| of| filtrate.
What| hormone| is| released| to| promote| reabsorption| of| NaCl?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-aldosterone.|
Creates| active| sodium| pumps| on| DCTS| and| collecting| ducts.
Where| is| aldosterone| released| from?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-adrenal| cortex!| Oh| yeah!
What| is| tubular| secretion?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-waste| removed| from| blood| and| added| to| filtrate.
What| is| tubular| reabsorption?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-solutes| removed| from| filtrate| and| added| to|
blood.
What| is| glomerular| filtration?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-creates| plasmalike| filtrate| of| blood.
What| are| the| three| layers| of| smooth| muscle| in| the| stomach?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-longitudinal,|
circular,| and| oblique| muscles.
What| do| cells| lining| the| stomach| secrete?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Mucin
What| is| lining| of| stomach| dotted| with?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Gastric| Pits
What| do| cells| in| the| gastric| gland| secrete| to| the| lumen?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-gastric| juice.| This|
mixed| with| food=| chyme
