EXAM 1 BIO202 ENDOCRINE, BLOOD,
CARDIAC & VASCULATURE: BIO 202
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY,
2025/2026 WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE
ANSWERS
What are the mechanisms of cell communications? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrine (local)
hormones, hormones (strict definition)
What is normal amount of cardiac output? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
5.25 L/min
What is stroke volume? - CORRECT ANSWERS- volume of blood
pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
What are the main factors that affect SV? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
preload; contractility; afterload
What is the relationship between preload and SV called? -
CORRECT ANSWERS- Frank-Starling law of the heart
What is preload? - CORRECT ANSWERS- degree of stretch of
heart muscle
,How does preload affect SV? - CORRECT ANSWERS- increased
preload = increased contraction strength
What is contractility? - CORRECT ANSWERS- contractile strength
at given muscle length
How does contractility affect SV? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
increased contractility lowers ESV by increased positive inotropic
agents
What is afterload? - CORRECT ANSWERS- back pressure exerted
by arterial blood; pressure that ventricles must overcome to eject
blood
How does afterload affect SV? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
hypertension increases afterload, resulting in increased ESV and
reduced SV
What can heart rate be regulated by? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
ANS(atrial 'bainbridge' reflex-sumpathetic reflex initiated by
increased venous return, hence increased atrial filling), Chemicals
(hormones, ions), other factors (age, gender, exercise, body
temp)
When does pulmonary congestion occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
left sided heart failure
, When does peripheral congestion occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
right sided heart failure
What is the relative proportion of blood volume in the
cardiovascular system? - CORRECT ANSWERS- Systemic
Veins/Venules: 65%
Systemic Arteries/Arterioles: 15%
Pulmonary Blood Vessels: 12%
Heart: 8%
Capillaries: 5%
What are the three important sources of resistance? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- blood viscosity; total blood vessel length; blood vessel
diameter
What has the greatest influence on resistance? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- blood vessel diameter
Define systolic pressure. - CORRECT ANSWERS- pressure exerted
in aorta during ventricular contraction
define diastolic pressure. - CORRECT ANSWERS- lowest level of
aortic pressure when heart is at rest
CARDIAC & VASCULATURE: BIO 202
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY,
2025/2026 WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE
ANSWERS
What are the mechanisms of cell communications? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrine (local)
hormones, hormones (strict definition)
What is normal amount of cardiac output? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
5.25 L/min
What is stroke volume? - CORRECT ANSWERS- volume of blood
pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
What are the main factors that affect SV? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
preload; contractility; afterload
What is the relationship between preload and SV called? -
CORRECT ANSWERS- Frank-Starling law of the heart
What is preload? - CORRECT ANSWERS- degree of stretch of
heart muscle
,How does preload affect SV? - CORRECT ANSWERS- increased
preload = increased contraction strength
What is contractility? - CORRECT ANSWERS- contractile strength
at given muscle length
How does contractility affect SV? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
increased contractility lowers ESV by increased positive inotropic
agents
What is afterload? - CORRECT ANSWERS- back pressure exerted
by arterial blood; pressure that ventricles must overcome to eject
blood
How does afterload affect SV? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
hypertension increases afterload, resulting in increased ESV and
reduced SV
What can heart rate be regulated by? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
ANS(atrial 'bainbridge' reflex-sumpathetic reflex initiated by
increased venous return, hence increased atrial filling), Chemicals
(hormones, ions), other factors (age, gender, exercise, body
temp)
When does pulmonary congestion occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
left sided heart failure
, When does peripheral congestion occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
right sided heart failure
What is the relative proportion of blood volume in the
cardiovascular system? - CORRECT ANSWERS- Systemic
Veins/Venules: 65%
Systemic Arteries/Arterioles: 15%
Pulmonary Blood Vessels: 12%
Heart: 8%
Capillaries: 5%
What are the three important sources of resistance? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- blood viscosity; total blood vessel length; blood vessel
diameter
What has the greatest influence on resistance? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- blood vessel diameter
Define systolic pressure. - CORRECT ANSWERS- pressure exerted
in aorta during ventricular contraction
define diastolic pressure. - CORRECT ANSWERS- lowest level of
aortic pressure when heart is at rest
