BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1 (CSCC - SU18) EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025 UPDATED A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS BEST GRADED TO
SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Phagocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS - Where large particles (like bacteria) are engulfed
by some cells
- AKA "cell eating"
- Only done by certain cells = some white blood cells and macrophages
- Whatever is taken in by this method is placed in a vesicle
Pinocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS - Where extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes are
taken into the cell
- Routine activity of all cells
- AKA "cell drinking"
- Whatever is taken in by this method is placed in a vesicle
Receptor mediated endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS - Allows the cell to take in a
specific solute because that solute must bind to receptors on the cell membrane before it is
engulfed
Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS The way some substances exit the cell
Factors that influence rate of diffucion - CORRECT ANSWERS - Magnitude of
concentration difference (larger difference = faster diffusion)
- Mass of solute (heavier = slower, lighter = faster)
- Solubility
- Temperature of solution (colder = slower, warmer = faster)
- Surface area of the membrane (less = slower, more = faster)
Nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS Involved in communication and control
,BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1 (CSCC - SU18) EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025 UPDATED A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS BEST GRADED TO
SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Neuron (nerve cell) - CORRECT ANSWERS - The main cell and the functional unit of the
nervous system
- Allows for the communication and control by nerve impulses - aka action potentials
- Have a cell body (which contain organelles), many dendrites (the receptive regions of the
neuron), and a single axon (the area of the neuron that generates and propagates the action
potential)
- At the end of the axon there are many telodendria (branches) and at the end of each
telodendria there is a axonal terminal (aka bouton)
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals found in the axonal terminals
Somatic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS Controls skeletal muscle and is under
voluntary control
Autonomic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS - Controls smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle, and glands
- Involuntary control
- Two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS Fight or flight
Parasympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS Rest and digest
Action Potentials - CORRECT ANSWERS - Nerve impulses
- Messages in the nervous system - the way neurons communicate
- Electrical events so they involve the flow of ions (Na and K) into and out of the axon
,BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1 (CSCC - SU18) EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025 UPDATED A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS BEST GRADED TO
SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
- Generated at the axon hillock (beginning of the axon)
- Travels down the axon towards the axonal terminal where it will cause the release of a
neurotransmitter
- The neurotransmitter will carry the message from that neuron across the space to the next
neuron
Synapse - CORRECT ANSWERS - The functional connection between a neuron and the
cell its signaling
- The area between one neuron and the next
- Consists of an axonal terminal of the presynaptic neuron, the synaptic cleft (space between),
and the postsynaptic neuron (or neuronmuscular junction if the next cell is skeletal muscle)
- Electrical or chemical
Neurotransmitter - CORRECT ANSWERS The chemical that carries the nerve message
across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron
From where is the neurotransmitter released? - CORRECT ANSWERS Axon terminal
Nervous system's limited capacity for regeneration - CORRECT ANSWERS - Neurons do
not do mitosis so they do not replace themselves if they are damaged or destroyed
- If the cell body is still intact, they may be able to regenerate a portion of themselves
- The cell body has the ability to produce substances needed for repair of a damaged axon or
dendrite
- Since most cell bodies are in the CNS, explains why CNS damage is usually permanent damage
- regeneration does not occur in the CNS
, BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1 (CSCC - SU18) EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025 UPDATED A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS BEST GRADED TO
SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Neuronal cell body - CORRECT ANSWERS - The biosynthetic center (life source) of the
neuron
- Mostly found in the CNS
Steps of axonal regeneration - CORRECT ANSWERS - Wallerian degeneration occurs
and the cut end of the axon dies back toward the cell body, letting the cell body know there is a
problem at the axon
- The Nissl bodies (rER) in the cell body produce proteins needed for the repair of an axon
- Those proteins are sent down to the damaged area where rebuilding occurs
- The Schwann cell sheath remains in the area and serves as a guide or tunnel, telling the axon
where to grow
- Schwann cells also secrete growth factors to stimulate the growth of an axon
- Once the axon has grown back to where it was initially, inhibitory factors are released to stop
growth of the axon and function is regained
Resting membrane potential - CORRECT ANSWERS - The charge across the axonal
membrane when the axon is at rest
- Equal to -70 mV - due to the relative permeability of the membrane (membrane is more
permeable to K than to Na) and the Na/K pumps
- When the charge changes, an action potential can occur
Na/K pump - CORRECT ANSWERS - Keeps K inside the axon and Na outside of the axon
- Pumps 2 sodium out and two potassium into the axon (sodium potassium ATPase)
- Found in all body cells
- Provides energy for couple transport of other molecules
- Produces electrochemical impulse in neuron and other muscle cells
- Maintains osmolarity
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025 UPDATED A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS BEST GRADED TO
SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Phagocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS - Where large particles (like bacteria) are engulfed
by some cells
- AKA "cell eating"
- Only done by certain cells = some white blood cells and macrophages
- Whatever is taken in by this method is placed in a vesicle
Pinocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS - Where extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes are
taken into the cell
- Routine activity of all cells
- AKA "cell drinking"
- Whatever is taken in by this method is placed in a vesicle
Receptor mediated endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS - Allows the cell to take in a
specific solute because that solute must bind to receptors on the cell membrane before it is
engulfed
Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS The way some substances exit the cell
Factors that influence rate of diffucion - CORRECT ANSWERS - Magnitude of
concentration difference (larger difference = faster diffusion)
- Mass of solute (heavier = slower, lighter = faster)
- Solubility
- Temperature of solution (colder = slower, warmer = faster)
- Surface area of the membrane (less = slower, more = faster)
Nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS Involved in communication and control
,BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1 (CSCC - SU18) EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025 UPDATED A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS BEST GRADED TO
SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Neuron (nerve cell) - CORRECT ANSWERS - The main cell and the functional unit of the
nervous system
- Allows for the communication and control by nerve impulses - aka action potentials
- Have a cell body (which contain organelles), many dendrites (the receptive regions of the
neuron), and a single axon (the area of the neuron that generates and propagates the action
potential)
- At the end of the axon there are many telodendria (branches) and at the end of each
telodendria there is a axonal terminal (aka bouton)
- Neurotransmitters are chemicals found in the axonal terminals
Somatic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS Controls skeletal muscle and is under
voluntary control
Autonomic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS - Controls smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle, and glands
- Involuntary control
- Two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS Fight or flight
Parasympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWERS Rest and digest
Action Potentials - CORRECT ANSWERS - Nerve impulses
- Messages in the nervous system - the way neurons communicate
- Electrical events so they involve the flow of ions (Na and K) into and out of the axon
,BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1 (CSCC - SU18) EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025 UPDATED A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS BEST GRADED TO
SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
- Generated at the axon hillock (beginning of the axon)
- Travels down the axon towards the axonal terminal where it will cause the release of a
neurotransmitter
- The neurotransmitter will carry the message from that neuron across the space to the next
neuron
Synapse - CORRECT ANSWERS - The functional connection between a neuron and the
cell its signaling
- The area between one neuron and the next
- Consists of an axonal terminal of the presynaptic neuron, the synaptic cleft (space between),
and the postsynaptic neuron (or neuronmuscular junction if the next cell is skeletal muscle)
- Electrical or chemical
Neurotransmitter - CORRECT ANSWERS The chemical that carries the nerve message
across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron
From where is the neurotransmitter released? - CORRECT ANSWERS Axon terminal
Nervous system's limited capacity for regeneration - CORRECT ANSWERS - Neurons do
not do mitosis so they do not replace themselves if they are damaged or destroyed
- If the cell body is still intact, they may be able to regenerate a portion of themselves
- The cell body has the ability to produce substances needed for repair of a damaged axon or
dendrite
- Since most cell bodies are in the CNS, explains why CNS damage is usually permanent damage
- regeneration does not occur in the CNS
, BIO 2301 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - EXAM 1 (CSCC - SU18) EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024/2025 UPDATED A COMPLETE
SOLUTION WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS BEST GRADED TO
SCORE A+ FOR SUCCESS
Neuronal cell body - CORRECT ANSWERS - The biosynthetic center (life source) of the
neuron
- Mostly found in the CNS
Steps of axonal regeneration - CORRECT ANSWERS - Wallerian degeneration occurs
and the cut end of the axon dies back toward the cell body, letting the cell body know there is a
problem at the axon
- The Nissl bodies (rER) in the cell body produce proteins needed for the repair of an axon
- Those proteins are sent down to the damaged area where rebuilding occurs
- The Schwann cell sheath remains in the area and serves as a guide or tunnel, telling the axon
where to grow
- Schwann cells also secrete growth factors to stimulate the growth of an axon
- Once the axon has grown back to where it was initially, inhibitory factors are released to stop
growth of the axon and function is regained
Resting membrane potential - CORRECT ANSWERS - The charge across the axonal
membrane when the axon is at rest
- Equal to -70 mV - due to the relative permeability of the membrane (membrane is more
permeable to K than to Na) and the Na/K pumps
- When the charge changes, an action potential can occur
Na/K pump - CORRECT ANSWERS - Keeps K inside the axon and Na outside of the axon
- Pumps 2 sodium out and two potassium into the axon (sodium potassium ATPase)
- Found in all body cells
- Provides energy for couple transport of other molecules
- Produces electrochemical impulse in neuron and other muscle cells
- Maintains osmolarity
