HCAD 222 FINAL EXAM |2025/2026 Update /Actual
Comprehensive Frequently Tested Questions And
Verified Answers |100% Accurate Answers | Already
Graded A+ .
Why rising HC costs? - ANSWER-Due to longevity
-Increasing utilization
-Medical technologies
-Wages of Health care personnel
-General inflation
-Fraud, waste, abuse and futile medical treatment
65+ expenditures - ANSWER-Rationing is troubling
but necessary
-65+ one-third of U.S. HC
expenditures
Precedents for HC rationing - ANSWER--Denial of Kidney
Dialysis in Britain
-Waiting lists in
Canada
-Life -and-Death Decisions in
Seattle
,-Rationing Plan in
Oregon
Trust Fund-where is this $? Impacts? - ANSWER-Social
Security Revenues are deposited into a "trust fund"
-Payroll Taxes
-General Revenues
-Interest on trust fund
By 2033 the trust fund is projected to run out, benefit reduction
to about 80% if nothing is done.
1. Credited from income taxes on benefits
2. Interest to the trust funds bonds is paid by issuing new
bonds.
Worker-Retiree ratio falling - ANSWER-When the ratio of
workers to retires falls, each worker must bear a greater
financial burden.
1960: 5.1 to 1
Today: 2.9 to 1
2030: 2.1 to 1
Normal cognitive changes in aging - ANSWER--
Processing speed?
-Divided
attention
,-
Memory?
-Visual-
spatial?
-Executive
abilities?
-BUT language stays
intact
Cognitive training/'uses it or lose it" - ANSWER--Cognitive
decline is less in those who engage more frequently in ADL's
-There are normal cognitive declines associated with aging, but
don't have to interfere with functioning
-Some crystallized intelligence, creativity, and wisdom continue
to develop with age
-We can take control by: Changing our own
perceptions/attitudes to facilitate better adaption-find new
roles, Engagement in cognitively stimulating activities, Find
ways to draw on strengths and compensate/cognitive training
Depression in elderly-who? Risk factors? often masked, why? -
ANSWER-Men:
5-12%
Women: 10-25%
_____% Primary Care
, _____% Nursing home
_____% Inpaitent setting
_____% of outpt. and inpt. psychiatry
Costs of depression - ANSWER--Direct and indirect costs: $43
billion each year
-Depressed persons: Experience social and cognitive
impairment, Have higher
rates of disability, Have poorer physical health/medical
conditions worsen,
Takes longer to recover from medical illness and have
less tolerance
for______?, and Poor compliance with
medical treatment
-Depression increases the risk
of death
-Treatment is available-why not
feel better?
Suicide rates, opportunities, risks of txt - ANSWER--Many
have visited a
primary care physician near time
of suicide
-12% of population, but 20% of
suicides
Comprehensive Frequently Tested Questions And
Verified Answers |100% Accurate Answers | Already
Graded A+ .
Why rising HC costs? - ANSWER-Due to longevity
-Increasing utilization
-Medical technologies
-Wages of Health care personnel
-General inflation
-Fraud, waste, abuse and futile medical treatment
65+ expenditures - ANSWER-Rationing is troubling
but necessary
-65+ one-third of U.S. HC
expenditures
Precedents for HC rationing - ANSWER--Denial of Kidney
Dialysis in Britain
-Waiting lists in
Canada
-Life -and-Death Decisions in
Seattle
,-Rationing Plan in
Oregon
Trust Fund-where is this $? Impacts? - ANSWER-Social
Security Revenues are deposited into a "trust fund"
-Payroll Taxes
-General Revenues
-Interest on trust fund
By 2033 the trust fund is projected to run out, benefit reduction
to about 80% if nothing is done.
1. Credited from income taxes on benefits
2. Interest to the trust funds bonds is paid by issuing new
bonds.
Worker-Retiree ratio falling - ANSWER-When the ratio of
workers to retires falls, each worker must bear a greater
financial burden.
1960: 5.1 to 1
Today: 2.9 to 1
2030: 2.1 to 1
Normal cognitive changes in aging - ANSWER--
Processing speed?
-Divided
attention
,-
Memory?
-Visual-
spatial?
-Executive
abilities?
-BUT language stays
intact
Cognitive training/'uses it or lose it" - ANSWER--Cognitive
decline is less in those who engage more frequently in ADL's
-There are normal cognitive declines associated with aging, but
don't have to interfere with functioning
-Some crystallized intelligence, creativity, and wisdom continue
to develop with age
-We can take control by: Changing our own
perceptions/attitudes to facilitate better adaption-find new
roles, Engagement in cognitively stimulating activities, Find
ways to draw on strengths and compensate/cognitive training
Depression in elderly-who? Risk factors? often masked, why? -
ANSWER-Men:
5-12%
Women: 10-25%
_____% Primary Care
, _____% Nursing home
_____% Inpaitent setting
_____% of outpt. and inpt. psychiatry
Costs of depression - ANSWER--Direct and indirect costs: $43
billion each year
-Depressed persons: Experience social and cognitive
impairment, Have higher
rates of disability, Have poorer physical health/medical
conditions worsen,
Takes longer to recover from medical illness and have
less tolerance
for______?, and Poor compliance with
medical treatment
-Depression increases the risk
of death
-Treatment is available-why not
feel better?
Suicide rates, opportunities, risks of txt - ANSWER--Many
have visited a
primary care physician near time
of suicide
-12% of population, but 20% of
suicides
