Solution Manual for
v v
Statistics for Nursingv v
v Research A v
v Workbookfor v
v Evidence-Based
v Practice 3rd Edition
v v
v Susan Grove Daisha
v v
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
v v v v v v
EXERCISE v
Identifying Levels v
v ofMeasurement: Nominal,
v
Ordinal, Interval, and
v v
v
v
1
Ratio v
The vquestions vare vin vbold vfollowed vby vanswers.
1. In vTable v1, videntify vthe vlevel vof vmeasurement vfor vthe vcurrent vtherapy vvariable.
vProvide va vrationale vfor vyour vanswer.
Answer: vThe vcurrent vtherapy vvariable vwas vmeasured vat vthe vnominal vlevel. vThese vdrug
vcategories vwere vprobably vdeveloped vto vbe vexhaustive vfor vthis vstudy vand vincluded vthe
vcategories vof vdrugs vthe vsubjects vwere vreceiving. vHowever, vthe vcategories vare vnot vexclusive,
vsince vpatients vare vusually von vmore vthan vone vcategory vof vthese vdrugs vto vmanage vtheir
vhealth vproblems. vThe vcurrent vtherapies vare vnot vmeasured vat vthe vordinal vlevel vbecause vthey
vcannot vbe vrank vordered, vsince vno vdrug vcategory vcan vbe vconsidered vmore vor vless vbeneficial
vthan vanother vdrug vcategory v(see vFigure v1-1; vGrove v& vGray, v2019).
2. What v is v the v mode v for v the v current v therapy v variable v in v this v study? v Provide v a
v rationale v forvyour vanswer.
Answer: v The v mode v for v current v therapy v was v β vblocker. v A v total v of v 100 v (94%) v of v the v cardiac
v patients
were v receiving v this v category v of v drug, v which v was v the v most v common v prescribed
v drug v for v thisvsample.
3. What vstatistics vwere vconducted vto vdescribe vthe vBMI vof vthe vcardiac vpatients vin vthis
vsample?vDiscuss vwhether vthese vanalysis vtechniques vwere vappropriate vor vinappropriate.
Answer: v BMI v was v described v with v a v mean v and v standard v deviation v (SD). v BMI v measurement
v resulted vin vratio-level vdata vwith vcontinuous vvalues vand van vabsolute vzero v(Stone v& vFrazier,
v2017). vRatio- vlevel vdata vshould vbe vanalyzed vwith vparametric vstatistics vsuch vas vthe vmean vand
vSD v(Grove v& vGray,v2017; vKnapp, v2017).
4. Researchers vused vthe vfollowing vitem vto vmeasure vregistered vnurses’ v(RNs) vincome vin va
vstudy:vWhat vcategory videntifies vyour vcurrent vincome vas van vRN?
a. v Less vthan v$50,000
b. v $50,000 vto v59,999
c. v $60,000 vto v69,999
d. v $70,000 vto v80,000
e. v $80,000 vor vgreater
What v level v of v measurement v is v this v income v variable? v Does v the v income v variable
v follow v the vrules voutlined vin vFigure v1-1? vProvide va vrationale vfor vyour vanswer.
Answer: vIn vthis vexample, vthe vincome vvariable vis vmeasured vat vthe vordinal vlevel. vThe vincome
v catego- vries vare vexhaustive, vranging vfrom vless vthan v$50,000 vto vgreater vthan v$80,000. vThe
vtwo vopen-ended
AG v1-1
,AG v1-2 Answer v Guidelines v for v Questions v to v Be v Graded
categories vensure vthat vall vsalary vlevels vare vcovered. vThe vcategories vare vnot vexclusive, vsince
vcatego- vries v(d) vand v(e) vinclude van v$80,000 vsalary, vso vstudy vparticipants vmaking v$80,000
vmight vmark veither v (d) v or v (e) v or v both v categories, v resulting v in v erroneous v data. v Category
v (e) v could v be v changed vto vgreater vthan v$80,000, vmaking vthe vcategories vexclusive. vThe
vcategories vcan vbe vrank vordered vfrom vthe vlowest vsalary vto vthe vhighest vsalary, vwhich vis
vconsistent vwith vordinal vdata v(Grove v& vGray, v2019; vWaltz vet val., v2017).
5. What vlevel vof vmeasurement vis vthe vCDS vscore? vProvide va vrationale vfor vyour vanswer.
Answer: vThe vCDS vscore vis vat vthe vinterval vlevel vof vmeasurement. vThe vCDS vis va v26-item
vLikert vscale vdeveloped vto vmeasure vdepression vin vcardiac vpatients. vStudy vparticipants vrated
vtheir vsymp- vtoms von va vscale vof v1 vto v7, vwith vhigher vnumbers vindicating vincreased vseverity
vin vthe vdepression vsymptoms. vThe vtotal vscores vfor veach vsubject vobtained vfrom vthis vmulti-
item vscale vare vconsidered vto vbe vat vthe vinterval vlevel vof vmeasurement v(Gray vet val., v2017;
vWaltz vet val., v2017).
6. Were vnonparametric vor vparametric vanalysis vtechniques vused vto vanalyze vthe vCDS vscores
vforvthe vcardiac vpatients vin vthis vstudy? vProvide va vrationale vfor vyour vanswer.
Answer: vParametric vstatistics, vsuch vas v mean v and v SD, v were v conducted v to v describe v CDS
v scores vfor vstudy vparticipants v(see vTable v1). vCDS vscores vare vinterval-level vdata vas vindicated vin
vQuestions v5, vso vparametric vstatistics vare vappropriate vfor vthis vlevel vof vdata v(Gray vet val., v2017;
vKim v& vMallory, v2017).
7. Is vthe vprevalence vof vdepression vlinked vto vthe vNYHA vclass? vDiscuss vthe vclinical
vimportance vof vthis vresult.
Answer: vThe vstudy vnarrative vindicated vthat vthe vprevalence vof vdepression vincreased vwith vthe
vgreater vNYHA vclass. vIn vNYHA vclass vIII, v64% vof vthe vsubjects vwere vdepressed, vwhereas v11%
vof vthe vsubjects vwere vdepressed vin vNYHA vclass vI. vThus, vas vthe vNYHA vclass vincreased, vthe
vnumber vof vsub- vjects vwith vdepression vincreased. vThis vis van vexpected vfinding vbecause vas vthe
vNYHA vclass vincreases, vcardiac vpatients vhave vmore vsevere vphysical vsymptoms, vwhich vusually
vresult vin vemotional vdistress, vsuch v as v depression. v Nurses v need v to v actively v assess v cardiac
v patients v for v depression, v especially v those vin vhigher vNYHA vclasses, vso vthey vmight vbe
vdiagnosed vand vtreated vas vneeded.
8. What vfrequency vand vpercent vof vcardiac vpatients vin vthis vstudy vwere vnot vbeing vtreated
vwith van vantidepressant? vShow vyour vcalculations vand vround vyour vanswer vto vthe
vnearest vwhole vpercent v(%).
Answer: vA vtotal v vof v v106 v vcardiac v vpatients v vparticipated v vin v vthis v vstudy. v vThe v vsample v
vincluded v15 vpatients vwho vwere vreceiving van vantidepressant v(see vTable v1). vThe v vnumber v
vof v vcardiac vpatients v not v treated v for v depression v was v 91 v (106 v – v 15 v = v91). v The v group
v percent v is v calculated vby v the v following v formula: v (group v frequency v ÷ v total v sample
v size) v × v 100%. v For v this v study, v(91 vpatients v÷ v106 vsample vsize) v× v100% v= v0.858 v×
v100% v= v85.8% v= v86%. vThe v vfinal vanswer v is v rounded v to v the v nearest v whole v percent
v as v directed v in v the v question. v You v could v have valso vsubtracted vthe v14% vof vpatients
vtreated vwith vantidepressants vfrom v100% vand vobtained vthe v86% v who v were v not v treated v with
v an v antidepressant.
9. What vwas vthe vpurpose vof vthe v6-minute vwalk vtest v(6MWT)? vWould vthe v6MWT vbe
vuseful vin vclinical vpractice?
Answer: vHa vet val. v(2018) vstated, v“The v6-min vwalk vtest v(6MWT) vis va vmeasure vof vthe
vsubmaximal, vsteady-state vfunctional vcapacity” vof vcardiac vpatients. vThis vtest vwould vbe v a
vquick, veasy vway vto vdetermine va vcardiac vpatient’s vfunctional vstatus vin va vclinical v vsetting. v
vThis v vfunctional v vstatus vscore v could v be v used v to v determine v the v treatment v plan v to
v promote v or v maintain v functional v statusvof vcardiac vpatients.
, Answer v Guidelines v for v Questions v to v Be v Graded AG v1-3
10. How vwas vexercise vconfidence vmeasured vin vthis vstudy? vWhat vwas vthe vlevel vof
vmeasurement vfor vthe vexercise vconfidence vvariable vin vthis vstudy? vProvide va vrationale
vfor vyour vanswer. vAnswer: vExercise vconfidence vof vthe vpatients vwith vheart vfailure v(HF) vin
vthis vstudy vwas vmeasuredvwith vthe vExercise vConfidence vScale vthat vincluded vfour vsubscales
vfocused von vwalking, vclimbing, vlifting v objects v of v graded v weight, v and v running v (see v the
v study v narrative). v This v was v a v rating v scalevwith vvalues vranging vfrom v0 vto v100. vThe vpatients’
vscores vfor vthe vTotal vExercise vConfidence vscalevand v the v subscales v were v considered
v interval-level v data v and v analyzed v with v parametric v statistics, vsuch vas vmeans vand vSDs v(see
vthe vstudy vnarrative; vWaltz vet val., v2017).
v v
Statistics for Nursingv v
v Research A v
v Workbookfor v
v Evidence-Based
v Practice 3rd Edition
v v
v Susan Grove Daisha
v v
,Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
v v v v v v
EXERCISE v
Identifying Levels v
v ofMeasurement: Nominal,
v
Ordinal, Interval, and
v v
v
v
1
Ratio v
The vquestions vare vin vbold vfollowed vby vanswers.
1. In vTable v1, videntify vthe vlevel vof vmeasurement vfor vthe vcurrent vtherapy vvariable.
vProvide va vrationale vfor vyour vanswer.
Answer: vThe vcurrent vtherapy vvariable vwas vmeasured vat vthe vnominal vlevel. vThese vdrug
vcategories vwere vprobably vdeveloped vto vbe vexhaustive vfor vthis vstudy vand vincluded vthe
vcategories vof vdrugs vthe vsubjects vwere vreceiving. vHowever, vthe vcategories vare vnot vexclusive,
vsince vpatients vare vusually von vmore vthan vone vcategory vof vthese vdrugs vto vmanage vtheir
vhealth vproblems. vThe vcurrent vtherapies vare vnot vmeasured vat vthe vordinal vlevel vbecause vthey
vcannot vbe vrank vordered, vsince vno vdrug vcategory vcan vbe vconsidered vmore vor vless vbeneficial
vthan vanother vdrug vcategory v(see vFigure v1-1; vGrove v& vGray, v2019).
2. What v is v the v mode v for v the v current v therapy v variable v in v this v study? v Provide v a
v rationale v forvyour vanswer.
Answer: v The v mode v for v current v therapy v was v β vblocker. v A v total v of v 100 v (94%) v of v the v cardiac
v patients
were v receiving v this v category v of v drug, v which v was v the v most v common v prescribed
v drug v for v thisvsample.
3. What vstatistics vwere vconducted vto vdescribe vthe vBMI vof vthe vcardiac vpatients vin vthis
vsample?vDiscuss vwhether vthese vanalysis vtechniques vwere vappropriate vor vinappropriate.
Answer: v BMI v was v described v with v a v mean v and v standard v deviation v (SD). v BMI v measurement
v resulted vin vratio-level vdata vwith vcontinuous vvalues vand van vabsolute vzero v(Stone v& vFrazier,
v2017). vRatio- vlevel vdata vshould vbe vanalyzed vwith vparametric vstatistics vsuch vas vthe vmean vand
vSD v(Grove v& vGray,v2017; vKnapp, v2017).
4. Researchers vused vthe vfollowing vitem vto vmeasure vregistered vnurses’ v(RNs) vincome vin va
vstudy:vWhat vcategory videntifies vyour vcurrent vincome vas van vRN?
a. v Less vthan v$50,000
b. v $50,000 vto v59,999
c. v $60,000 vto v69,999
d. v $70,000 vto v80,000
e. v $80,000 vor vgreater
What v level v of v measurement v is v this v income v variable? v Does v the v income v variable
v follow v the vrules voutlined vin vFigure v1-1? vProvide va vrationale vfor vyour vanswer.
Answer: vIn vthis vexample, vthe vincome vvariable vis vmeasured vat vthe vordinal vlevel. vThe vincome
v catego- vries vare vexhaustive, vranging vfrom vless vthan v$50,000 vto vgreater vthan v$80,000. vThe
vtwo vopen-ended
AG v1-1
,AG v1-2 Answer v Guidelines v for v Questions v to v Be v Graded
categories vensure vthat vall vsalary vlevels vare vcovered. vThe vcategories vare vnot vexclusive, vsince
vcatego- vries v(d) vand v(e) vinclude van v$80,000 vsalary, vso vstudy vparticipants vmaking v$80,000
vmight vmark veither v (d) v or v (e) v or v both v categories, v resulting v in v erroneous v data. v Category
v (e) v could v be v changed vto vgreater vthan v$80,000, vmaking vthe vcategories vexclusive. vThe
vcategories vcan vbe vrank vordered vfrom vthe vlowest vsalary vto vthe vhighest vsalary, vwhich vis
vconsistent vwith vordinal vdata v(Grove v& vGray, v2019; vWaltz vet val., v2017).
5. What vlevel vof vmeasurement vis vthe vCDS vscore? vProvide va vrationale vfor vyour vanswer.
Answer: vThe vCDS vscore vis vat vthe vinterval vlevel vof vmeasurement. vThe vCDS vis va v26-item
vLikert vscale vdeveloped vto vmeasure vdepression vin vcardiac vpatients. vStudy vparticipants vrated
vtheir vsymp- vtoms von va vscale vof v1 vto v7, vwith vhigher vnumbers vindicating vincreased vseverity
vin vthe vdepression vsymptoms. vThe vtotal vscores vfor veach vsubject vobtained vfrom vthis vmulti-
item vscale vare vconsidered vto vbe vat vthe vinterval vlevel vof vmeasurement v(Gray vet val., v2017;
vWaltz vet val., v2017).
6. Were vnonparametric vor vparametric vanalysis vtechniques vused vto vanalyze vthe vCDS vscores
vforvthe vcardiac vpatients vin vthis vstudy? vProvide va vrationale vfor vyour vanswer.
Answer: vParametric vstatistics, vsuch vas v mean v and v SD, v were v conducted v to v describe v CDS
v scores vfor vstudy vparticipants v(see vTable v1). vCDS vscores vare vinterval-level vdata vas vindicated vin
vQuestions v5, vso vparametric vstatistics vare vappropriate vfor vthis vlevel vof vdata v(Gray vet val., v2017;
vKim v& vMallory, v2017).
7. Is vthe vprevalence vof vdepression vlinked vto vthe vNYHA vclass? vDiscuss vthe vclinical
vimportance vof vthis vresult.
Answer: vThe vstudy vnarrative vindicated vthat vthe vprevalence vof vdepression vincreased vwith vthe
vgreater vNYHA vclass. vIn vNYHA vclass vIII, v64% vof vthe vsubjects vwere vdepressed, vwhereas v11%
vof vthe vsubjects vwere vdepressed vin vNYHA vclass vI. vThus, vas vthe vNYHA vclass vincreased, vthe
vnumber vof vsub- vjects vwith vdepression vincreased. vThis vis van vexpected vfinding vbecause vas vthe
vNYHA vclass vincreases, vcardiac vpatients vhave vmore vsevere vphysical vsymptoms, vwhich vusually
vresult vin vemotional vdistress, vsuch v as v depression. v Nurses v need v to v actively v assess v cardiac
v patients v for v depression, v especially v those vin vhigher vNYHA vclasses, vso vthey vmight vbe
vdiagnosed vand vtreated vas vneeded.
8. What vfrequency vand vpercent vof vcardiac vpatients vin vthis vstudy vwere vnot vbeing vtreated
vwith van vantidepressant? vShow vyour vcalculations vand vround vyour vanswer vto vthe
vnearest vwhole vpercent v(%).
Answer: vA vtotal v vof v v106 v vcardiac v vpatients v vparticipated v vin v vthis v vstudy. v vThe v vsample v
vincluded v15 vpatients vwho vwere vreceiving van vantidepressant v(see vTable v1). vThe v vnumber v
vof v vcardiac vpatients v not v treated v for v depression v was v 91 v (106 v – v 15 v = v91). v The v group
v percent v is v calculated vby v the v following v formula: v (group v frequency v ÷ v total v sample
v size) v × v 100%. v For v this v study, v(91 vpatients v÷ v106 vsample vsize) v× v100% v= v0.858 v×
v100% v= v85.8% v= v86%. vThe v vfinal vanswer v is v rounded v to v the v nearest v whole v percent
v as v directed v in v the v question. v You v could v have valso vsubtracted vthe v14% vof vpatients
vtreated vwith vantidepressants vfrom v100% vand vobtained vthe v86% v who v were v not v treated v with
v an v antidepressant.
9. What vwas vthe vpurpose vof vthe v6-minute vwalk vtest v(6MWT)? vWould vthe v6MWT vbe
vuseful vin vclinical vpractice?
Answer: vHa vet val. v(2018) vstated, v“The v6-min vwalk vtest v(6MWT) vis va vmeasure vof vthe
vsubmaximal, vsteady-state vfunctional vcapacity” vof vcardiac vpatients. vThis vtest vwould vbe v a
vquick, veasy vway vto vdetermine va vcardiac vpatient’s vfunctional vstatus vin va vclinical v vsetting. v
vThis v vfunctional v vstatus vscore v could v be v used v to v determine v the v treatment v plan v to
v promote v or v maintain v functional v statusvof vcardiac vpatients.
, Answer v Guidelines v for v Questions v to v Be v Graded AG v1-3
10. How vwas vexercise vconfidence vmeasured vin vthis vstudy? vWhat vwas vthe vlevel vof
vmeasurement vfor vthe vexercise vconfidence vvariable vin vthis vstudy? vProvide va vrationale
vfor vyour vanswer. vAnswer: vExercise vconfidence vof vthe vpatients vwith vheart vfailure v(HF) vin
vthis vstudy vwas vmeasuredvwith vthe vExercise vConfidence vScale vthat vincluded vfour vsubscales
vfocused von vwalking, vclimbing, vlifting v objects v of v graded v weight, v and v running v (see v the
v study v narrative). v This v was v a v rating v scalevwith vvalues vranging vfrom v0 vto v100. vThe vpatients’
vscores vfor vthe vTotal vExercise vConfidence vscalevand v the v subscales v were v considered
v interval-level v data v and v analyzed v with v parametric v statistics, vsuch vas vmeans vand vSDs v(see
vthe vstudy vnarrative; vWaltz vet val., v2017).
