ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
REVIEW NR507 QUESTIONS WITH 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Glomerulonephritis - Accurate answers The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-
Ab complexes
- Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia, immunologic responses, free
radicals. SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus
Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation & deposition in glomerulus- Activation of
complement system & WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury & leakage- Proteinuria/hematuria- edema,
increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
OR
after glomerular injury & leakage- Coagulation cascade activation & FIbrin deposition- Decreased
capillary perfusion- decreased GFR- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
S1 - Accurate answers -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
S2 - Accurate answers - Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
Valvular stenosis - Accurate answers the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the
forward flow of blood and increasing the workload of the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased
valve. Intraventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to overcome resistance to flow
through the valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium to work harder, causing myocardial
hypertrophy.
Aortic stenosis - Accurate answers - LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
, Mitral Stenosis - Accurate answers - LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
Stroke volume - Accurate answers The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
Cor Pulmonale - Accurate answers right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to
pulmonary hypertension
Cardiac output - Accurate answers HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
Preload - Accurate answers The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
Afterload - Accurate answers The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Contractility - Accurate answers sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
Acetylcholine released from vagus nerve - inotrope
Cytokines released during sepsis impair contractility
REVIEW NR507 QUESTIONS WITH 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Glomerulonephritis - Accurate answers The glomerular-capillaries can trap blood-borne Ab & Ag-
Ab complexes
- Causes: PRIMARY: infection, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, ischemia, immunologic responses, free
radicals. SECONDARY: DM, CHF, HIV, Lupus
Triggering event (infection)- Ag-Ab complex formation & deposition in glomerulus- Activation of
complement system & WBC infiltration- Glomerular injury & leakage- Proteinuria/hematuria- edema,
increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
OR
after glomerular injury & leakage- Coagulation cascade activation & FIbrin deposition- Decreased
capillary perfusion- decreased GFR- edema, increase creat, azotemia, oliguria
S1 - Accurate answers -Closing of mitral and tricuspid valve
- Beginning of systole
S2 - Accurate answers - Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valve
- End of systole
Valvular stenosis - Accurate answers the valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, impeding the
forward flow of blood and increasing the workload of the cardiac chamber proximal to the diseased
valve. Intraventricular or atrial pressure increases in the chamber to overcome resistance to flow
through the valve. Increased pressure causes the myocardium to work harder, causing myocardial
hypertrophy.
Aortic stenosis - Accurate answers - LV hypertrophy
- L heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Exertional dyspnea
-Syncope
-Angina pectoris
- Systolic murmur
, Mitral Stenosis - Accurate answers - LA hypertrophy
-R ventricular failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Orthopnea
- Respiratory infections
- PH
-Edema
-Atypical chest pain
- Diastolic murmur
Stroke volume - Accurate answers The volume of blood ejected per bear during systole
Cor Pulmonale - Accurate answers right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to
pulmonary hypertension
Cardiac output - Accurate answers HR x SV
-Normal= 5Lpm
-Preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate
Preload - Accurate answers The volume inside the ventricle at the end of diastole
Determined by:
- Amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole
- The amount of blood in the ventricle after systole
Afterload - Accurate answers The resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Contractility - Accurate answers sympathetic nervous system, epi and norepi) + inotropes
Acetylcholine released from vagus nerve - inotrope
Cytokines released during sepsis impair contractility
