All Exam Fall 2025 Cards questions with
solutions
Cell Cycle ✅✅series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis ✅✅What are the 5 events in the cell cycle?
Mitosis ✅✅The process in the cell cycle in which the chromosomes in the nucleus
align and then divide in four distinct phases
pro, meta, ana, telo (PM is AT night) ✅✅What are the four phases of mitosis in
order?
G1 interphase ✅✅The process in the cell cycle in which the nonnuclear contents of
cell are doubled (e.g. organelles are doubled)
S interphase ✅✅The process in the cell cycle in which the contents of the nucleus,
the DNA, is copied such that there are now two copies.
G2 interphase ✅✅The process in the cell cycle in which the new DNA copy is
inspected for errors to prevent mutations before mitosis begins. If mutations are
detected, they may be corrected by DNA inspector enzymes.
prophase chromosomes appear D.C.F. nuclear envelope dissolves ✅✅Describe the
first phase in mitosis (which is after the DNA is inspected)
metaphase chromosomes align (in the middle; fibers appear) ✅✅Describe the
second phase in mitosis.
anaphase chromosomes separate (pulled by fibers) ✅✅Describe the third phase in
mitosis.
telophase nuclear envelope reforms (and there are now two identical nuclei with
S.C.C.F. Chromosomes) ✅✅Describe the fourth phase of mitosis before cytokinesis
happens.
in cytokinesis ✅✅the cytoplasm divides in half creating two new separate daughter
cells after mitosis; those new cells being their interphases
by making more or less proteins (from nucleic acid instructions) ✅✅RTL: Cells
respond to their environment
extra or missing proteins ✅✅Errors in DNA cause
, Karyotype ✅✅A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and
shape.
gamete ✅✅a sex cell (sperm or egg), which is in humans HAPLOID
zygote ✅✅the resulting cell after two sex cells combine, which is in humans now
DIPLOID
chromosome ✅✅a large, threaded structure which is a compilation and compression
(of a portion) of a cell's DNA library. It only appears during cell reproduction because
other wise the DNA is uncompressed / uncompiled. They look like an X.
gene ✅✅A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait. All these
together make up the DNA library. It is not known yet what everyone is for.
chromatid ✅✅On a chromosome, a structure that is a copy of the genetic information.
Before Mitosis, there are two of them (called D.C.F.) and afterwards there are only one
per chromosome (called S.C.C.F.) There becomes two of them again when they are
copied during the S interphase to prepare for Mitosis later.
the autosomes ✅✅i.e. all the other chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes;
i.e. all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.
centromere ✅✅Area in the middle of a chromatid where they attach to another in the
D.C.F. form. (middle of the "X")
sex chromosomes ✅✅chromosomes present in every cell that determine the gender
and sex of an organism with unique DNA, either male or female. In humans XX or XY
(male).
chromosome pair ✅✅a set of two homologous chromosomes, one from the mother
and one from the father, in diploid cells/organisms.
homologous ✅✅i.e. identical in makeup; the same
23 pairs ✅✅In diploid humans, the number of chromosome pairs of two. (Each pair is
4 or 2 chromatids depending if its before or after S interphase). e.g. one of these pairs
though is the sex chromosomes.
haploid ✅✅an organism in which its genetic library is in single chromosomes not in
pairs (cognate: 'half")
solutions
Cell Cycle ✅✅series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis ✅✅What are the 5 events in the cell cycle?
Mitosis ✅✅The process in the cell cycle in which the chromosomes in the nucleus
align and then divide in four distinct phases
pro, meta, ana, telo (PM is AT night) ✅✅What are the four phases of mitosis in
order?
G1 interphase ✅✅The process in the cell cycle in which the nonnuclear contents of
cell are doubled (e.g. organelles are doubled)
S interphase ✅✅The process in the cell cycle in which the contents of the nucleus,
the DNA, is copied such that there are now two copies.
G2 interphase ✅✅The process in the cell cycle in which the new DNA copy is
inspected for errors to prevent mutations before mitosis begins. If mutations are
detected, they may be corrected by DNA inspector enzymes.
prophase chromosomes appear D.C.F. nuclear envelope dissolves ✅✅Describe the
first phase in mitosis (which is after the DNA is inspected)
metaphase chromosomes align (in the middle; fibers appear) ✅✅Describe the
second phase in mitosis.
anaphase chromosomes separate (pulled by fibers) ✅✅Describe the third phase in
mitosis.
telophase nuclear envelope reforms (and there are now two identical nuclei with
S.C.C.F. Chromosomes) ✅✅Describe the fourth phase of mitosis before cytokinesis
happens.
in cytokinesis ✅✅the cytoplasm divides in half creating two new separate daughter
cells after mitosis; those new cells being their interphases
by making more or less proteins (from nucleic acid instructions) ✅✅RTL: Cells
respond to their environment
extra or missing proteins ✅✅Errors in DNA cause
, Karyotype ✅✅A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and
shape.
gamete ✅✅a sex cell (sperm or egg), which is in humans HAPLOID
zygote ✅✅the resulting cell after two sex cells combine, which is in humans now
DIPLOID
chromosome ✅✅a large, threaded structure which is a compilation and compression
(of a portion) of a cell's DNA library. It only appears during cell reproduction because
other wise the DNA is uncompressed / uncompiled. They look like an X.
gene ✅✅A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait. All these
together make up the DNA library. It is not known yet what everyone is for.
chromatid ✅✅On a chromosome, a structure that is a copy of the genetic information.
Before Mitosis, there are two of them (called D.C.F.) and afterwards there are only one
per chromosome (called S.C.C.F.) There becomes two of them again when they are
copied during the S interphase to prepare for Mitosis later.
the autosomes ✅✅i.e. all the other chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes;
i.e. all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes.
centromere ✅✅Area in the middle of a chromatid where they attach to another in the
D.C.F. form. (middle of the "X")
sex chromosomes ✅✅chromosomes present in every cell that determine the gender
and sex of an organism with unique DNA, either male or female. In humans XX or XY
(male).
chromosome pair ✅✅a set of two homologous chromosomes, one from the mother
and one from the father, in diploid cells/organisms.
homologous ✅✅i.e. identical in makeup; the same
23 pairs ✅✅In diploid humans, the number of chromosome pairs of two. (Each pair is
4 or 2 chromatids depending if its before or after S interphase). e.g. one of these pairs
though is the sex chromosomes.
haploid ✅✅an organism in which its genetic library is in single chromosomes not in
pairs (cognate: 'half")
