BIOL-235 Human Anatomy and Physiology Final Exams 2025-2026
1. buffy coat a thin light colored layer of white blood cells and platelets than lie between a top
layer of plasma and red blood cells in a centrifuged sample of blood. makes up
<1% of the total volume of blood
2. erhythrocytes red blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and deliver
carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs
3. hemopoiesis process where the formed elements of blood develop
- before birth, this occurs in the yolk sac of an embryo and later in the liver spleen,
thymus and lymph nodes
- after birth and so on, red bone marrow is where this happens
4. thrombopoietin the hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from
megakaryocytes
5. megakaryoblasts Develop into platelets; need TPO for myeloid stem cells to form into megakary-
ocytes that then develop into this
6. neutrophils A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the
nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
7. what cells se- paneth cells/ neutrophils
crete lysozymes?
8. intrinsic pathway - occurs slowly and most complex
- activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood
- if endothelial cells are roughened or damaged, blood comes in contact with
collage fibers in the connective tissue around endothelium of blood vessel
, BIOL-235 Human Anatomy and Physiology Final Exams 2025-2026
- activates clotting factor XII which begins sequence of reactions that then activate
clotting factor x
- clotting factor x then conmbines and form prothrombinase
9. prothrombinase the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation
of this to produce thrombin and then fibrinogen
10. extrinsic path- factors released by damaged tissues begin cascade; occurs rapidly if trauma is
way severe
- thromboplastin leaks into blood from cells outside the blood vessels and initiates
the formation of prothrombinase
thromboplastin begins sequence of reactions that activate clotting factor x
- once factor x is activated, it combines with factor v in the presnece of Ca to form
prothrombinase
11. thrombus a formation of blood clot in an unbroken vein
12. thrombosis clotting in an unbroke blood vessel
13. agglutinins antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch
14. agglutination clumping of RBCs in an incompatible blood transfusion; antibodies in the recipi-
ents plasma bind to the antigens on the antigens on the donated RBCs
15. tricuspid valve valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle which allows blood to pass
from the right atrium to the right ventricle and prevents blood from flowing back
into the right atrium as the heart pumps
16. vena cava the largest vein in the body, it carries blood from the body back to the heart.
17. atrioventricular (bicuspid valves): has two cusps which allow blood o pass from the left atrium
valves into the left ventricle. prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria
during systole
, BIOL-235 Human Anatomy and Physiology Final Exams 2025-2026
18. semilunar valves acts to prevent backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles during
ventricular diastole and help maintain pressure on the major arteries
19. pulmonary circu- flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart; right side of the
lation heart pumps deoxygentated blood into the pulmonary circulation to the air sacs
20. pulmonary path- 1. right atrium with deoxygenated blood
way 2. tricuspid valve
3. right ventricle
4. pulmonary valve
5. pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
6. blood goes into pulmonary capillaries of the lung;
blood loses cos and gain o2
21. gap junctions allows muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to its neigh-
bouts. gap junctions allot the entire myocardium of the atria or the ventricles to
contract as a single, coordinated unit
22. autorhythmic a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that are self-excitable; generate
fibers action potentials that trigger heart contractions that will continue even after the
heart has been removed from the body
23. cardiac conduc- a network of cardiac muscle fibers that provide path for each cycle of cardiac
tion system excitation; ensures that cardiac chambers become stimulated to contract in a
coordinated manner
24. systole the phase of contraction
25. ECG waves presdict the timing of atrial and ventricular systole and diastole
26. ventricular sys- 1. cardiac action potential in SA node and propagates throughout atrial muscle
tole event down to AV node, Pwave appears in ECG
2. after p wavem atria contract, action potential slows at AV node
3. action potential goes rapidly again after entering AV bundle. then foes through
1. buffy coat a thin light colored layer of white blood cells and platelets than lie between a top
layer of plasma and red blood cells in a centrifuged sample of blood. makes up
<1% of the total volume of blood
2. erhythrocytes red blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and deliver
carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs
3. hemopoiesis process where the formed elements of blood develop
- before birth, this occurs in the yolk sac of an embryo and later in the liver spleen,
thymus and lymph nodes
- after birth and so on, red bone marrow is where this happens
4. thrombopoietin the hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from
megakaryocytes
5. megakaryoblasts Develop into platelets; need TPO for myeloid stem cells to form into megakary-
ocytes that then develop into this
6. neutrophils A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the
nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
7. what cells se- paneth cells/ neutrophils
crete lysozymes?
8. intrinsic pathway - occurs slowly and most complex
- activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood
- if endothelial cells are roughened or damaged, blood comes in contact with
collage fibers in the connective tissue around endothelium of blood vessel
, BIOL-235 Human Anatomy and Physiology Final Exams 2025-2026
- activates clotting factor XII which begins sequence of reactions that then activate
clotting factor x
- clotting factor x then conmbines and form prothrombinase
9. prothrombinase the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation
of this to produce thrombin and then fibrinogen
10. extrinsic path- factors released by damaged tissues begin cascade; occurs rapidly if trauma is
way severe
- thromboplastin leaks into blood from cells outside the blood vessels and initiates
the formation of prothrombinase
thromboplastin begins sequence of reactions that activate clotting factor x
- once factor x is activated, it combines with factor v in the presnece of Ca to form
prothrombinase
11. thrombus a formation of blood clot in an unbroken vein
12. thrombosis clotting in an unbroke blood vessel
13. agglutinins antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch
14. agglutination clumping of RBCs in an incompatible blood transfusion; antibodies in the recipi-
ents plasma bind to the antigens on the antigens on the donated RBCs
15. tricuspid valve valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle which allows blood to pass
from the right atrium to the right ventricle and prevents blood from flowing back
into the right atrium as the heart pumps
16. vena cava the largest vein in the body, it carries blood from the body back to the heart.
17. atrioventricular (bicuspid valves): has two cusps which allow blood o pass from the left atrium
valves into the left ventricle. prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria
during systole
, BIOL-235 Human Anatomy and Physiology Final Exams 2025-2026
18. semilunar valves acts to prevent backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles during
ventricular diastole and help maintain pressure on the major arteries
19. pulmonary circu- flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart; right side of the
lation heart pumps deoxygentated blood into the pulmonary circulation to the air sacs
20. pulmonary path- 1. right atrium with deoxygenated blood
way 2. tricuspid valve
3. right ventricle
4. pulmonary valve
5. pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
6. blood goes into pulmonary capillaries of the lung;
blood loses cos and gain o2
21. gap junctions allows muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to its neigh-
bouts. gap junctions allot the entire myocardium of the atria or the ventricles to
contract as a single, coordinated unit
22. autorhythmic a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that are self-excitable; generate
fibers action potentials that trigger heart contractions that will continue even after the
heart has been removed from the body
23. cardiac conduc- a network of cardiac muscle fibers that provide path for each cycle of cardiac
tion system excitation; ensures that cardiac chambers become stimulated to contract in a
coordinated manner
24. systole the phase of contraction
25. ECG waves presdict the timing of atrial and ventricular systole and diastole
26. ventricular sys- 1. cardiac action potential in SA node and propagates throughout atrial muscle
tole event down to AV node, Pwave appears in ECG
2. after p wavem atria contract, action potential slows at AV node
3. action potential goes rapidly again after entering AV bundle. then foes through
