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NR 283 PATHO EXAM 2 2025 UPDATED
ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS.
Left sided heart failure - correct answer- 1. dysPnea, Shortness
of breath
2. Crackles
3. Oliguria
4. Frothy Sputum
5. Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)
right sided heart failure - correct answer- 1. Jugular Vein
Distention
2. Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. enlarged liver and spleen
5. fatigue
6. peripheral venous pressure
Signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects - correct
answer- • Pallor and cyanosis
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea on exertion and tachypnea
• A squatting position, often seen in toddlers and older children
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• Clubbed fingers (thick, bulbous fingertips) developed in time
• A marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold
weather
• Delayed growth and development
which valves are usually affected with valvular defects? -
correct answer- aortic and pulmonary valves
What is stenosis? - correct answer- narrowing of a valve which
restricts the forward flow of blood
What is valvular incompetence? - correct answer- failure of
valve to close completely which causes the blood to
regurgitates or leaks backward
Blood flow through the cardiac valves - correct answer-
Tricuspid
Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
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Hypertension is categorized into two categories: - correct
answer- primary-essential hypertension; idiopathic
secondary- results from renal or disease or a benign tumor in
the adrenal medulla. Can pinpoint cause
What areas are most frequently damaged by uncontrolled
hypertension? - correct answer- chronic renal failure, stroke
due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart failure.
Treatments of hypertension - correct answer- drug therapy-
alpha and beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, mild diuretics. lifestyle
changes, quit smoking, exercise, lower salt intake
signs and symptoms of hypertension - correct answer- -
Frequently asymptomatic in early stages
-Initial signs vague and non-specific
-Fatigue, malaise, sometimes morning occipital headache
orthostatic hypotension - correct answer- Decrease in blood
pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to
sitting or standing positions
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shock - correct answer- A condition in which the circulatory
system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable every
body part to perform its function
hypovolemic shock - correct answer- loss of circulating blood
volume
cardiogenic shock - correct answer- Inability of heart to
maintain cardiac output to circulation; heart is unable to pump
properly
Vasogenic Shock - correct answer- Vasodilation owing to loss
of sympathetic and vasomotor tone. caused by Pain and fear,
spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
anaphylactic shock - correct answer- Severe shock caused by
an allergic reaction.
septic shock - correct answer- Shock caused by severe
infection, usually a bacterial infection.
NR 283 PATHO EXAM 2 2025 UPDATED
ACTUAL EXAM WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS.
Left sided heart failure - correct answer- 1. dysPnea, Shortness
of breath
2. Crackles
3. Oliguria
4. Frothy Sputum
5. Displaced Apical Pulse (Hypertrophy)
right sided heart failure - correct answer- 1. Jugular Vein
Distention
2. Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. enlarged liver and spleen
5. fatigue
6. peripheral venous pressure
Signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects - correct
answer- • Pallor and cyanosis
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea on exertion and tachypnea
• A squatting position, often seen in toddlers and older children
,2 | Page
• Clubbed fingers (thick, bulbous fingertips) developed in time
• A marked intolerance for exercise and exposure to cold
weather
• Delayed growth and development
which valves are usually affected with valvular defects? -
correct answer- aortic and pulmonary valves
What is stenosis? - correct answer- narrowing of a valve which
restricts the forward flow of blood
What is valvular incompetence? - correct answer- failure of
valve to close completely which causes the blood to
regurgitates or leaks backward
Blood flow through the cardiac valves - correct answer-
Tricuspid
Pulmonic
Mitral
Aortic
,3 | Page
Hypertension is categorized into two categories: - correct
answer- primary-essential hypertension; idiopathic
secondary- results from renal or disease or a benign tumor in
the adrenal medulla. Can pinpoint cause
What areas are most frequently damaged by uncontrolled
hypertension? - correct answer- chronic renal failure, stroke
due to hemorrhage, loss of vision, or congestive heart failure.
Treatments of hypertension - correct answer- drug therapy-
alpha and beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, mild diuretics. lifestyle
changes, quit smoking, exercise, lower salt intake
signs and symptoms of hypertension - correct answer- -
Frequently asymptomatic in early stages
-Initial signs vague and non-specific
-Fatigue, malaise, sometimes morning occipital headache
orthostatic hypotension - correct answer- Decrease in blood
pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to
sitting or standing positions
, 4 | Page
shock - correct answer- A condition in which the circulatory
system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable every
body part to perform its function
hypovolemic shock - correct answer- loss of circulating blood
volume
cardiogenic shock - correct answer- Inability of heart to
maintain cardiac output to circulation; heart is unable to pump
properly
Vasogenic Shock - correct answer- Vasodilation owing to loss
of sympathetic and vasomotor tone. caused by Pain and fear,
spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
anaphylactic shock - correct answer- Severe shock caused by
an allergic reaction.
septic shock - correct answer- Shock caused by severe
infection, usually a bacterial infection.
